Khorana Sukhmani, Thapliyal Nisha
School of the Arts and Media, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
School of Education, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
Front Sociol. 2024 Dec 11;9:1358556. doi: 10.3389/fsoc.2024.1358556. eCollection 2024.
This article explores what "care" looks like in the specific context of Muslim refugees and asylum seekers within the dominant discourse of humanitarianism. India and Australia are chosen for this comparative analysis because our aim is to emphasise multidimensional anti-Muslim alliances that are now in place in both contexts between the governments and official and unofficial media that influence humanitarian policies and practice. We argue that the "information disorder" that dominates current media ecologies about Muslim refugees in both countries is produced at this nexus of official agents-both state and media institutions-as well as social media content produced by local and global actors that perpetuate anti-Muslim bias. More specifically, this article examines how India has responded to emergencies involving the Rohingya refugees, and Australia's treatment of post-9/11 Muslim refugees and asylum seekers. We demonstrate that these states and the media they sponsor are linked to the use of disinformation, or deliberately inaccurate information to seed and perpetuate Islamophobic sentiments and thereby practice a form of "calculated care". The examples in this article highlight the need to build on our understanding of what constitutes humanitarian care towards vulnerable and stateless populations. Furthermore, they call for response strategies that take into cognizance the fact that Islamophobia has been institutionalized in the public sphere in order to promote culturally supremacist discourses of traditional values as well as national security.
本文探讨了在人道主义主流话语背景下，穆斯林难民和寻求庇护者这一特定群体中的“关怀”是怎样的。之所以选择印度和澳大利亚进行比较分析，是因为我们旨在强调目前在这两种背景下，政府与影响人道主义政策及实践的官方和非官方媒体之间形成的多维度反穆斯林联盟。我们认为，在这两个国家中主导当前媒体生态、关于穆斯林难民的“信息混乱”，是由官方机构（包括国家和媒体机构）以及当地和全球行为体制作的社交媒体内容共同造成的，这些内容延续了反穆斯林偏见。更具体地说，本文考察了印度对涉及罗兴亚难民的紧急情况的应对方式，以及澳大利亚对9·11事件后穆斯林难民和寻求庇护者的对待方式。我们证明，这些国家及其资助的媒体与虚假信息的使用有关，即故意传播不准确的信息，以播下并延续伊斯兰恐惧症情绪，从而践行一种“精心算计的关怀”形式。本文中的例子凸显了在我们对何为针对弱势群体和无国籍人群的人道主义关怀的理解基础上进一步拓展的必要性。此外，这些例子还呼吁采取应对策略，要认识到伊斯兰恐惧症已在公共领域制度化，目的是宣扬传统价值观以及国家安全方面的文化至上主义话语。
