from sheep herds around water tributaries of the Malakand region of Pakistan.

This study was designed to determine the prevalence of infections in sheep herds around tributaries in Pakistan and to evaluate the influence of potential risk factors. In total, 448 samples from 26 sheep herds were screened microscopically and then confirmed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the 18S SSU rRNA gene. Our result revealed that, out of 448 samples, 107 were found positive by microscopy and 77 positive by PCR, with prevalence rates of 23.88% and 17.18% in different breeds of sheep. A high statistical difference exists between the -value ( <0.05) when comparing diarrheic and non-diarrheic sheep, breeds, ages, genders, and seasons. The highest infection rate was found in the Australian breed (8.25%); season-wise, the highest prevalence was recorded in summer. Furthermore, sheep-secreting diarrheal faces were 41% young sheep and lambs. This reveals that young animals are more susceptible to infection than adults, and cryptosporidial infection decreases with increasing age of the animal. This report is the first on the prevalence of in sheep sampled near the tributaries in Pakistan. The implications of this study's findings are clear; immediate action is necessary to prevent further spread and potentially devasting harm.