hijacks the tumor microenvironment in liver cancer cells in a multifaceted approach: A falling row of dominoes.

(. ) is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine due to its anti-tumor effects. . shifts liver cancer tumor microenvironment towards regression by hindering tumor-associated macrophages polarization. Huang have demonstrated in their study that . inhibits M2-tumour-associated macrophages (TAM) polarization by halting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The mechanism of action by which . exerts its anti-tumor effects is multifaceted and includes network pharmacology, transcriptomics and molecular docking. assays demonstrated that . -containing serum inhibited M2-TAMs polarization in human hepatocellular carcinomas cells. . was found to have 22 active components of which 11 were detected in the bloodstream. The anti-neoplastic activity of . lies in suppressing M2-TAM polarization by modulation of the Wnt/B-catenin pathway. and experiments have shown that . suppresses M2-TAM polarization and halts the Wnt signaling pathway. The inhibitory effect of . on M2-TAM was reversed by SKL2001, a Wnt agonist, which highlights . 's selectivity and specificity. . inhibits M2-TAM polarization by modulating the Wnt/ β-catenin pathway, thus impeding liver cancer growth. Owing to the "cross-talk" between transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathways, this paper highlights the potential significance of . in controlling the tumor microenvironment not only through hindering the polarization of M2-TAMs the Wnt signaling pathway, but also by downregulating TGF-β. Therefore, . serves as an igniter to fuel a cascade of signaling events that culminates in the regression of the tumor microenvironment by compromising oncogenesis and angiogenesis. TGF-β is also known for its pro-fibrotic properties. Therefore, . may play a pivotal role in treating liver fibrosis by downregulating TGF-β, thus hindering oncogenesis, angiogenesis and liver fibrosis. Hence, the "domino effect".