Lee Tae, Speth Thomas F, Nadagouda Mallikarjuna N
United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research & Development, Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, 26 Martin Luther King Drive W, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
Chem Eng J. 2022 Mar 1;431. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.134023.
The development of remediation technology for Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has become one of the nation's top research priorities as adverse impacts to environmental and human health have been increasingly identified. Of various water treatment routes, high-pressure membrane processes such as nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) are considered most promising by virtue of the excellent rejection of both short- and long-chain PFAS and the proven technological maturity demonstrated with various water sources. Consequently, research activities have rapidly increased to accommodate research needs to advance NF and RO processes targeting PFAS removal from the aquatic environment. Therefore, the present review highlights recent findings in the areas of (a) rejection mechanism for PFAS, (b) the effects of membrane property and the water matrix, (c) challenges in high-recovery operation due to adsorption of PFAS and subsequent membrane fouling or scaling, and (d) complementary technologies to overcome the significant challenge to manage or treat a large volume of the waste stream from NF and RO. Overall, this review emphasizes research opportunities to develop engineering solutions that can be implemented in practical water treatment applications to address the imminent threat from PFAS.
随着全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）对环境和人类健康的不利影响越来越多地被发现，其修复技术的发展已成为美国最重要的研究重点之一。在各种水处理途径中，诸如纳滤（NF）和反渗透（RO）等高压膜工艺因其对短链和长链PFAS均具有出色的截留效果以及在各种水源中展现出的成熟技术而被认为最具前景。因此，研究活动迅速增加，以满足推进针对从水生环境中去除PFAS的纳滤和反渗透工艺的研究需求。所以，本综述重点介绍了以下领域的最新研究成果：（a）PFAS的截留机制；（b）膜性能和水基质的影响；（c）由于PFAS吸附以及随后的膜污染或结垢而在高回收率运行中面临的挑战；（d）用于克服处理来自纳滤和反渗透的大量废物流这一重大挑战的补充技术。总体而言，本综述强调了开发工程解决方案的研究机会，这些解决方案可在实际水处理应用中实施，以应对PFAS带来的紧迫威胁。
