Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036, Cosenza, Italy.
Departament de Química Inorgànica, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMOL), Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain.
Dalton Trans. 2021 Apr 28;50(16):5398-5410. doi: 10.1039/d1dt00360g.
Today, it is extremely urgent to face the increasing shortage of clean and safe water resources, determined by the exponential growth of both world population and its consumerism, climate change and pollution. Water remediation from traditional chemicals and contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) is supposed to be among the major methods to solve water scarcity issues. Reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membrane separation technologies have proven to be feasible, sustainable and highly effective methods for the removal of contaminants, comprising the extremely persistent and recalcitrant perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), which failed to be treated through the traditional water treatment approaches. So far, however, they have been unable to assure PFASs levels under the established guidance limits for drinking water and still suffer from fouling problems, which limit their large-scale application. Novel configurations, improvement in process design and the development of high-performant materials for membrane production are important steps to tackle these issues, especially in view of new more stringent regulations limiting PFASs content in drinking water. As a possible future strategy, nanocomposite mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) offer a platform of advanced materials which promise to revolutionize RO/NF technologies for water treatment. In particular, the introduction of MOFs as adsorbent fillers in the polymeric membrane matrix appears as a viable approach for the effective and selective capture and removal of PFASs from water. The objective of this review is to provide a dedicated outlook on the most recent advances in RO and NF membrane technologies for PFASs removal. The effects of membrane properties, the solution chemistry, and contaminant properties on the RO/NF performances will be discussed in detail. Future challenges are also discussed, offering new perspectives toward the development of new advanced membranes with improved performance for PFAS removal, which are likely to significantly progress RO and NF technology for water remediation.
如今，面对世界人口和消费主义的指数级增长、气候变化和污染所导致的清洁安全水资源日益短缺的问题，人们急需采取行动。从传统化学物质和新兴关注污染物（CECs）中对水进行修复，应该是解决水资源短缺问题的主要方法之一。反渗透（RO）和纳滤（NF）膜分离技术已被证明是去除污染物的可行、可持续和高效方法，其中包括极难去除的持久性和抗降解性全氟烷基物质（PFASs），这些物质无法通过传统的水处理方法进行处理。然而，到目前为止，它们还无法确保饮用水中规定的指导限量以下的 PFASs 水平，而且仍然存在着污染问题，这限制了它们的大规模应用。新型配置、改进的工艺设计以及用于膜生产的高性能材料的开发是解决这些问题的重要步骤，特别是考虑到新的更严格的法规限制饮用水中 PFASs 的含量。作为一种未来可能的策略，纳米复合材料混合基质膜（MMMs）为先进材料提供了一个平台，有望彻底改变 RO/NF 技术在水处理中的应用。特别是，将 MOFs 作为吸附填料引入聚合物膜基质中，似乎是一种从水中有效且选择性地捕获和去除 PFASs 的可行方法。本文的目的是专门介绍 RO 和 NF 膜技术在去除 PFASs 方面的最新进展。本文将详细讨论膜特性、溶液化学和污染物特性对 RO/NF 性能的影响。还讨论了未来的挑战，为开发具有更好 PFASs 去除性能的新型先进膜提供了新的视角，这可能会极大地推动 RO 和 NF 技术在水修复方面的发展。
