Salafsky Nick, Relton Claire, Young Bruce E, Lamarre Philippe, Böhm Monika, Chénier Maxime, Cochrane Erica, Dionne Mark, He Kevin K, Hilton-Taylor Craig, Latrémouille Charles, Morrison John, Raymond Calla V, Seddon Mary, Suresh Varsha
Foundations of Success, Conservation Measures Partnership (CMP) & IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Foundations of Success & CMP, Cape Town, South Africa.
Conserv Biol. 2025 Jun;39(3):e14434. doi: 10.1111/cobi.14434. Epub 2024 Dec 31.
Identifying and assessing the magnitude of direct threats to ecosystems and species are critical steps to prioritizing, planning, implementing, and assessing conservation actions. Just as medical clinicians and researchers need a standard way to talk about human diseases, conservation practitioners and scientists need a common and comprehensive language to talk about the threats they are facing to facilitate joint action, evaluation, and learning. To meet this need, in 2008 the IUCN Species Survival Commission and the Conservation Measures Partnership produced the first version of a common threats classification with the understanding that it would be periodically updated to take into account new information and learning. We present version 4.0 of this classification. For this latest update, we reviewed existing versions and derivatives of the original classification, over 1000 citations of the classification, threats data from over 2900 real-world conservation projects, and comments from many users. Based on our findings, we made changes to the threats classification scheme, including addition of a level 0 threat class, refinement of levels 1 and 2 threat categories, and addition of the threat "Fencing & walls" to level 2. Also added were level 3 threat types and modifiers that provide a more detailed description of different types of direct threats and thus allow users to fine-tune analyses and actions. The update also clarifies how to treat various stressors, including natural disaster events and climate change. As a result of these changes, we revised the formal definition of direct threats. They include human actions that are the direct cause of ecosystem or species-population degradation and loss, such as agriculture, transport, natural resource use, and ecosystem management. They also include ultimate stressors in natural systems whose dynamics have been altered by the effects of current or historical human actions, such as invasive or problematic native species, pollution, natural disasters, and climate change.
识别和评估对生态系统和物种的直接威胁程度，是对保护行动进行优先排序、规划、实施和评估的关键步骤。正如医学临床医生和研究人员需要一种谈论人类疾病的标准方式一样，保护从业者和科学家也需要一种通用且全面的语言来谈论他们所面临的威胁，以便促进联合行动、评估和学习。为满足这一需求，2008年世界自然保护联盟物种生存委员会和保护措施伙伴关系组织发布了第一版通用威胁分类，并达成共识，即会定期更新以纳入新信息和新知识。我们在此展示该分类的4.0版本。对于此次最新更新，我们审查了原始分类的现有版本及衍生版本、该分类的1000多条引用文献、来自2900多个实际保护项目的威胁数据以及众多用户的意见。基于我们的研究结果，我们对威胁分类方案进行了修改，包括增加了0级威胁类别、细化了1级和2级威胁类别，并在2级中增加了“围栏与围墙”这一威胁。还增加了3级威胁类型和修饰词，以更详细地描述不同类型的直接威胁，从而使用户能够对分析和行动进行微调。此次更新还明确了如何处理各种压力源，包括自然灾害事件和气候变化。由于这些变化，我们修订了直接威胁的正式定义。直接威胁包括那些直接导致生态系统或物种种群退化和丧失的人类行为，如农业、交通、自然资源利用和生态系统管理。它们还包括自然系统中的最终压力源，其动态因当前或历史人类行为的影响而改变，如入侵物种或有问题的本地物种、污染、自然灾害和气候变化。
