Impervious cover change as an indicator of environmental equity.

Pattern-focused environmental equity research has been underpinned by high-resolution remotely sensed data to uncover spatial relationships between environmental amenities (e.g., urban tree cover) and socio-economic status (SES). A constraint imposed by reliance on high-resolution data is the inability to examine temporal patterns, primarily because of the cost of data production and the nascent state of high-resolution land cover mapping. The lack of temporal monitoring is a clear gap in pattern-focused environmental equity research. We examined temporal (2001 - 2019) relationships between a disamenity, impervious cover (IC), and demographic attributes for the entirety of the conterminous United States. Our main finding was 2001 - 2019 increases in IC were more pervasive in minority communities but these communities were not necessarily poor, and only rarely poorly educated or non-English speaking. We supported our use of IC from moderate resolution data by comparing it to high-resolution data for 24 cities within the conterminous United States. Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) was 4.8% overall, ranging from 2.2% to 11.3% across the 24 locations. Differences in classification objectives contributed to differences in %IC estimates between the two sources.