Advancements in Cancer Treatment: Harnessing the Synergistic Potential of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials in Combination Therapy.

Combination therapy, which involves using multiple therapeutic modalities simultaneously or sequentially, has become a cornerstone of modern cancer treatment. Graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs) have emerged as versatile platforms for drug delivery, gene therapy, and photothermal therapy. These materials enable a synergistic approach, improving the efficacy of treatments while reducing side effects. This review explores the roles of graphene, graphene oxide (GO), and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) in combination therapies and highlights their potential to enhance immunotherapy and targeted cancer therapies. The large surface area and high drug-loading capacity of graphene facilitate the codelivery of multiple therapeutic agents, promoting targeted and sustained release. GQDs, with their unique optical properties, offer real-time imaging capabilities, adding another layer of precision to treatment. However, challenges such as biocompatibility, long-term toxicity, and scalability need to be addressed to ensure clinical safety. Preclinical studies show promising results for GBNs, suggesting their potential to revolutionize cancer treatment through innovative combination therapies.