Kolokithas-Ntoukas Argiris, Mouikis Andreas, Angelopoulou Athina
Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece.
Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacky University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
Int J Mol Sci. 2025 May 9;26(10):4525. doi: 10.3390/ijms26104525.
Graphene-based materials (GBMs) have shown significant promise in cancer therapy due to their unique physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, and ease of functionalization. Their ability to target solid tumors, penetrate the tumor microenvironment (TME), and act as efficient drug delivery platforms highlights their potential in nanomedicine. However, the complex and dynamic nature of the TME, characterized by metabolic heterogeneity, immune suppression, and drug resistance, poses significant challenges to effective cancer treatment. GBMs offer innovative solutions by enhancing tumor targeting, facilitating deep tissue penetration, and modulating metabolic pathways that contribute to tumor progression and immune evasion. Their functionalization with targeting ligands and biocompatible polymers improves their biosafety and specificity, while their ability to modulate immune cell interactions within the TME presents new opportunities for immunotherapy. Given the role of metabolic reprogramming in tumor survival and resistance, GBMs could be further exploited in metabolism-targeted therapies by disrupting glycolysis, mitochondrial respiration, and lipid metabolism to counteract the immunosuppressive effects of the TME. This review focuses on discussing research studies that design GBM nanocomposites with enhanced biodegradability, minimized toxicity, and improved efficacy in delivering therapeutic agents with the intention to reprogram the TME for effective anticancer therapy. Additionally, exploring the potential of GBM nanocomposites in combination with immunotherapies and metabolism-targeted treatments could lead to more effective and personalized cancer therapies. By addressing these challenges, GBMs could play a pivotal role in overcoming current limitations in cancer treatment and advancing precision oncology.
基于石墨烯的材料（GBMs）因其独特的物理化学性质、生物相容性和易于功能化，在癌症治疗中显示出巨大的潜力。它们靶向实体瘤、穿透肿瘤微环境（TME）以及作为高效药物递送平台的能力突出了其在纳米医学中的潜力。然而，TME的复杂和动态性质，其特征为代谢异质性、免疫抑制和耐药性，给有效的癌症治疗带来了重大挑战。GBMs通过增强肿瘤靶向性、促进深部组织穿透以及调节有助于肿瘤进展和免疫逃逸的代谢途径，提供了创新的解决方案。它们与靶向配体和生物相容性聚合物的功能化提高了其生物安全性和特异性，而它们调节TME内免疫细胞相互作用的能力为免疫治疗带来了新机遇。鉴于代谢重编程在肿瘤存活和耐药中的作用，GBMs可通过破坏糖酵解、线粒体呼吸和脂质代谢以抵消TME的免疫抑制作用，在代谢靶向治疗中得到进一步利用。本综述着重讨论设计具有增强的生物降解性、最小化的毒性以及在递送治疗剂方面具有更高疗效的GBM纳米复合材料的研究，目的是对TME进行重新编程以实现有效的抗癌治疗。此外，探索GBM纳米复合材料与免疫疗法和代谢靶向治疗相结合的潜力可能会带来更有效和个性化的癌症治疗。通过应对这些挑战，GBMs可在克服当前癌症治疗的局限性和推进精准肿瘤学方面发挥关键作用。
