Weiss Jonathan D, Mermin-Bunnell Alana, Solberg Fredrik S, Tam Tony, Rosalia Luca, Sharir Amit, Rütsche Dominic, Sinha Soham, Choi Perry S, Shibata Masafumi, Palagani Yellappa, Nilkant Riya, Paulvannan Kiruthika, Ma Michael, Skylar-Scott Mark A
Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
Harvard-MIT Program in Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
Adv Mater. 2025 Mar;37(10):e2414971. doi: 10.1002/adma.202414971. Epub 2025 Jan 2.
Direct ink writing is a 3D printing method that is compatible with a wide range of structural, elastomeric, electronic, and living materials, and it continues to expand its uses into physics, engineering, and biology laboratories. However, the large footprint, closed hardware and software ecosystems, and expense of commercial systems often hamper widespread adoption. This work introduces a compact, low-cost, multimaterial, and high-throughput direct ink writing 3D printer platform with detailed assembly files and instructions provided freely online. In contrast to existing low-cost 3D printers and bioprinters, which typically modify off-the-shelf plastic 3D printers, this system is built from scratch, offering a lower cost and full customizability. Active mixing of cell-laden bioinks, high-throughput production of auxetic lattices using multimaterial multinozzle 3D (MM3D) printing methods, and a high-toughness, photocurable hydrogel for fabrication of heart valves are introduced. Finally, hardware for embedded multinozzle and 3D gradient nozzle printing is developed for producing high-throughput and graded 3D parts. This powerful, simple-to-build, and customizable printing platform can help stimulate a vibrant biomaker community of engineers, biologists, and educators.
直接墨水书写是一种3D打印方法，它与多种结构材料、弹性体材料、电子材料和生物材料兼容，并且其应用范围不断扩展到物理、工程和生物学实验室。然而，商业系统占地面积大、硬件和软件生态系统封闭以及成本高昂，常常阻碍其广泛应用。这项工作介绍了一种紧凑、低成本、多材料且高通量的直接墨水书写3D打印机平台，并在网上免费提供了详细的组装文件和说明。与现有的低成本3D打印机和生物打印机不同，后者通常是对现成的塑料3D打印机进行改装，而该系统是从零开始构建的，成本更低且具有完全可定制性。介绍了含细胞生物墨水的主动混合、使用多材料多喷嘴3D（MM3D）打印方法高通量生产负泊松比晶格，以及用于制造心脏瓣膜的高韧性光固化水凝胶。最后，开发了用于嵌入式多喷嘴和3D梯度喷嘴打印的硬件，以生产高通量和渐变的3D零件。这个功能强大、易于构建且可定制的打印平台有助于激发工程师、生物学家和教育工作者组成的充满活力的生物制造群体。
