Association of Cardiovascular Disease and Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter (PM) in the Southeastern United States.

UNLABELLED

There is a well-documented association between ambient fine particulate matter air pollution (PM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Exposure to PM can cause premature death and harmful and chronic health effects such as heart attack, diabetes, and stroke. The Environmental Protection Agency sets annual PM standards to reduce these negative health effects. Currently above an annual average level of 12.0 μg/m is considered unhealthy.

METHODS

We examined the association of long-term exposure to PM and CVD in a cohort of 44,610 individuals who resided in 12 states recruited into the Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS). The SCCS was designed to recruit Black and White participants who received care from Federally Qualified Health Centers; hence, they represent vulnerable individuals from low-income families across this vast region. This study tests whether SCCS participants who lived in locations exposed to elevated ambient levels of PM concentrations were more likely to report a history of CVD at enrollment (2002-2009). Remotely sensed satellite data integrated with ground monitoring data provide an assessment of the average annual PM in urban and rural locations where the SCCS participants resided. We used multilevel logistic regression to estimate the associations between self-reported CVD and exposure to elevated ambient levels of PM.

RESULTS

We found a 13.4 percent increase in the odds of reported CVD with exposure to unhealthy levels of PM exposure at enrollment. The SCCS participants with medical histories of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking had, overall, 385 percent higher odds of reported CVD than those without these clinical risk factors. Additionally, Black participants were more likely to live in locations with higher ambient PM concentrations and report high levels of clinical risk factors, thus, they may be at a greater future risk of CVD.

CONCLUSIONS

In the SCCS participants, we found a strong relation between exposures to high ambient levels of PM and self-reported CVD at enrollment.