Abbasi Reza, Alamdari-Mahd Ghazal, Maleki-Kakelar Hadi, Momen-Mesgin Razieh, Ahmadi Mahdi, Sharafkhani Mohaddeseh, Rezaie Jafar
Department of Biology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
Eur J Pharmacol. 2025 Feb 15;989:177236. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.177236. Epub 2025 Jan 1.
Exosomes, cell-derived vesicles produced by cells, are fascinating and drawing growing interest in biomedical exploration due to their exceptional properties. There is intriguing evidence that exosomes are involved in major biological processes, including diseases and regeneration. Exosomes from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown promising outcomes in regenerative medicine. Numerous studies suggest that exosomes have several advantages over conventional synthetic nanocarriers, opening novel frontiers for innovative drug delivery. Regenerative medicine has demonstrated the profound therapeutic outcomes of engineered or loaded exosomes from MSCs. Different methods are being used to modify or/load exosomes. These exosomes can improve cell signaling pathways for bone and cartilage diseases, liver diseases, nerve tissues, kidney diseases, skin tissue, and cardiovascular diseases. Despite extensive research, clinical translation of these exosomes remains a challenge. The optimization of cargo loading methods, efficiency, physiological stability, and the isolation and characterization of exosomes present some challenges. The upcoming examination should include the development of large-scale, quality-controllable production approaches, the modification of drug loading approaches, and numerous in vivo investigations and clinical trials. Here, we provided an informative overview of the extracellular vesicles and modification/loading methods of exosomes. We discuss the last exosome research on regeneration disorders, highlighting the therapeutic applications of MSCs-derived exosomes. We also highlight future directions and challenges, underscoring the significance of addressing the main questions in the field.
外泌体是细胞产生的细胞衍生囊泡，由于其特殊性质，在生物医学探索中极具吸引力且受到越来越多的关注。有有趣的证据表明外泌体参与包括疾病和再生在内的主要生物学过程。间充质干细胞（MSC）来源的外泌体在再生医学中已显示出有前景的结果。众多研究表明，外泌体相对于传统合成纳米载体具有若干优势，为创新药物递送开辟了新的前沿领域。再生医学已证明来自MSC的工程化或负载外泌体具有深远的治疗效果。正在使用不同方法对外泌体进行修饰或/和负载。这些外泌体可改善骨和软骨疾病、肝脏疾病、神经组织、肾脏疾病、皮肤组织和心血管疾病的细胞信号通路。尽管进行了广泛研究，但这些外泌体的临床转化仍然是一项挑战。货物负载方法、效率、生理稳定性以及外泌体的分离和表征的优化存在一些挑战。即将到来的研究应包括大规模、质量可控生产方法的开发、药物负载方法的改进以及大量的体内研究和临床试验。在此，我们对外细胞囊泡以及外泌体的修饰/负载方法提供了内容丰富的概述。我们讨论了关于再生障碍的最新外泌体研究，强调了MSC来源外泌体的治疗应用。我们还强调了未来的方向和挑战，突出了解决该领域主要问题的重要性。
