Bhardwaj Anjali, Bansal Mukesh, Wilson Kashish, Gupta Sumeet, Dhanawat Meenakshi
HRIT University, 8 Km Stone Delhi Meerut Road NH-58 Morta, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201003, India.
Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India.
Int J Biol Macromol. 2025 Mar;294:139497. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.139497. Epub 2025 Jan 3.
Climate change, the overconsumption of fossil fuels, and rapid population and economic growth have collectively driven a growing emphasis on environmental sustainability and the need for effective resource management. Chemicals or materials not currently regulated are known as contaminants of emergent concern (CECs). Nevertheless, wastewater is thought to be its main source, and worries about its probable presence in the environment are growing due to its potential damage to human and environmental health. To counteract hazardous chemicals in wastewater and promote ecological sustainability, there has been a significant deal of interest in finding environmentally benign and renewable materials. Because of its constituents' distinct physical and chemical qualities, lignocellulose stands out among the many possibilities as the most appealing possibility for water cleanup. It is an abundant, biocompatible, and renewable substance. Sustainable social development requires wastewater cleanup using renewable lignocellulosic resources. However, the generation of lignocellulose-based materials is restricted by the byproducts that are produced and the complicated, expensive, and environmentally harmful synthetic process. It has been determined that biosorption on lignocellulosic wastes and by-products is a suitable substitute for the current technologies used to remove hazardous metal ions and dye from wastewater streams. Lignocellulose is highly effective at adsorbing heavy metals like arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb). Beyond heavy metals, it can also capture various organic pollutants, that includes dyes (like methylene blue, methyl orange and malachite green), and pharmaceutical residues, and pesticides. Additionally, lignocellulosic materials are valuable for adsorbing oil and hydrocarbons from water, playing a crucial role in addressing environmental concerns related to oil spills. The pollutant removal efficiency of lignocellulose can be greatly improved through a range of physical, chemical, and biological modification methods, including thermal and ultrasound treatments, acid and alkali processing, ammoniation, amination, grafting, crosslinking, enzymatic modifications, and microbial colonization. In this article, we examine the most recent developments in lignocellulose-based adsorbent research, with an emphasis on lignocellulosic composition, adsorbent application, and material modification. A methodical and thorough presentation of the preparation and modification techniques for lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, as well as their utilization for treating various types of contaminated water, is provided. Additionally, a great resource for comprehending the specified adsorption mechanism and recycling of adsorbents is the thorough explanation of the mechanism of adsorption, the adsorbent renewal process, and the adsorption model.
气候变化、化石燃料的过度消耗以及人口与经济的快速增长，共同促使人们越来越重视环境可持续性以及有效资源管理的必要性。目前未受监管的化学品或材料被称为新兴关注污染物（CECs）。然而，废水被认为是其主要来源，由于其对人类和环境健康的潜在危害，人们对其在环境中可能存在的担忧也与日俱增。为了应对废水中的有害化学物质并促进生态可持续性，人们对寻找环境友好型和可再生材料产生了浓厚兴趣。由于其成分具有独特的物理和化学性质，木质纤维素在众多用于水净化的可能性中脱颖而出，成为最具吸引力的选择。它是一种丰富、生物相容且可再生的物质。利用可再生的木质纤维素资源进行废水净化是可持续社会发展的要求。然而，基于木质纤维素的材料的生产受到所产生的副产品以及复杂、昂贵且对环境有害的合成过程的限制。现已确定，利用木质纤维素废物和副产品进行生物吸附是替代当前用于从废水流中去除有害金属离子和染料的技术的合适选择。木质纤维素在吸附砷（As）、镉（Cd）、铜（Cu）、铬（Cr）和铅（Pb）等重金属方面非常有效。除了重金属之外，它还能捕获各种有机污染物，包括染料（如亚甲基蓝、甲基橙和孔雀石绿）、药物残留和农药。此外，木质纤维素材料对于从水中吸附油和碳氢化合物也很有价值，在解决与石油泄漏相关的环境问题中发挥着关键作用。通过一系列物理、化学和生物改性方法，包括热处理和超声处理、酸碱处理、氨化、胺化、接枝、交联、酶改性和微生物定植，可以大大提高木质纤维素对污染物的去除效率。在本文中，我们研究了基于木质纤维素的吸附剂研究的最新进展，重点关注木质纤维素的组成、吸附剂的应用以及材料改性。本文系统而全面地介绍了木质素、纤维素和半纤维素的制备和改性技术，以及它们在处理各类受污染水方面的应用。此外，对吸附机理、吸附剂再生过程和吸附模型的详细解释是理解特定吸附机理和吸附剂循环利用的重要资源。
