An innovative complex-valued encoding black-winged kite algorithm for global optimization.

The black-winged kite algorithm (BKA) constructed on the black-winged kites' migratory and predatory instincts is a revolutionary swarm intelligence method that integrates the Leader tactic with the Cauchy variation procedure to retrieve the expansive appropriate convergence solution. The essential BKA exhibits marginalized resolution efficiency, inferior assessment precision, and stagnant sensitive anticipation. To foster aggregate discovery intensity and advance widespread computational efficacy, an innovative complex-valued encoding BKA (CBKA) is presented to resolve the global optimization. The complex-valued encoding manipulates the dual-diploid configuration to encode the black-winged kite, and the actual and fictitious portions are inserted into the BKA, which transforms dual-dimensional encoding into a single-dimensional manifestation. With the inherent parallelism and consistency, the actual and fictitious portions are renewed separately for each search agent, which reinforces population pluralism, restricts discovery stagnation, extends identification area, promotes estimation excellence, advances information resources, and fosters collaboration efficiency. The CBKA not only showcases abundant flexibility and compatibility to accomplish supplementary advantages and sharpen resolution precision but also incorporates localized exploitation and universal exploration to forestall exaggerated convergence and cultivate desirable solutions. The function evaluations, engineering layouts, and adaptive infinite impulse response system identification are executed to certify the suitability and affordability of the CBKA. The experimental results manifest that the computational accomplishment and convergence productivity of the CBKA are superior to those of other comparison algorithms, the CBKA delivers noteworthy stabilization and resilience to explore superior assessment precision and swifter convergence efficiency.