Li Jingrun, Song Jiahao, Jia Lina, Wang Mengqi, Ji Xunming, Meng Ran, Zhou Da
Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China.
Advanced Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100053, China.
Biomolecules. 2024 Nov 27;14(12):1519. doi: 10.3390/biom14121519.
Exosomes, nano-sized lipid bilayer vesicles, have garnered significant attention as mediators of cell communication, particularly within the central nervous system (CNS). Their unique properties, including high stability, low immunogenicity, and the ability to traverse the blood-brain barrier (BBB), position them as promising tools for understanding and addressing CNS diseases. This comprehensive review delves into the biogenesis, properties, composition, functions, and isolation of exosomes, with a particular focus on their roles in cerebrovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and CNS tumors. Exosomes are involved in key pathophysiological processes in the CNS, including angiogenesis, inflammation, apoptosis, and cellular microenvironment modification. They demonstrate promise in mitigating ischemic injury, regulating inflammatory responses, and providing neuroprotection across various CNS conditions. Furthermore, exosomes carry distinct biomolecules, offering a novel method for the early diagnosis and monitoring of CNS diseases. Despite their potential, challenges such as complex extraction processes, the heterogeneity of exosomal contents, and targeted delivery limitations hinder their clinical application. Nevertheless, exosomes hold significant promise for advancing our understanding of CNS diseases and developing novel therapeutic strategies. This manuscript significantly contributes to the field by highlighting exosomes' potential in advancing our understanding of CNS diseases, underscoring their unique value in developing novel therapeutic strategies and mediating cellular communication.
外泌体是纳米级的脂质双层囊泡，作为细胞通讯的介质，尤其是在中枢神经系统（CNS）内，已引起了广泛关注。它们具有独特的性质，包括高稳定性、低免疫原性以及穿越血脑屏障（BBB）的能力，这使其成为理解和治疗中枢神经系统疾病的有前途的工具。这篇综述深入探讨了外泌体的生物发生、性质、组成、功能和分离方法，特别关注它们在脑血管疾病、神经退行性疾病和中枢神经系统肿瘤中的作用。外泌体参与中枢神经系统的关键病理生理过程，包括血管生成、炎症、细胞凋亡和细胞微环境修饰。它们在减轻缺血性损伤、调节炎症反应以及在各种中枢神经系统疾病中提供神经保护方面显示出前景。此外，外泌体携带独特的生物分子，为中枢神经系统疾病的早期诊断和监测提供了一种新方法。尽管它们具有潜力，但诸如复杂的提取过程、外泌体内容物的异质性以及靶向递送限制等挑战阻碍了它们的临床应用。然而，外泌体在推进我们对中枢神经系统疾病的理解和开发新的治疗策略方面具有重大前景。本文通过强调外泌体在推进我们对中枢神经系统疾病的理解方面的潜力，突显了它们在开发新的治疗策略和介导细胞通讯方面的独特价值，对该领域做出了重大贡献。
