Smolinska Veronika, Klimova Daniela, Danisovic Lubos, Harsanyi Stefan
Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia.
National Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, Nábrežie Ivana Krasku 4, 921 12 Piestany, Slovakia.
Medicina (Kaunas). 2024 Nov 26;60(12):1945. doi: 10.3390/medicina60121945.
In recent years, numerous potential prognostic biomarkers for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been investigated. Despite these advancements, clinical practice primarily relies on autoantibody tests-for rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated protein antibody (anti-CCP)-alongside inflammatory markers, such as the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Expanding the repertoire of diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers is critical for improving clinical outcomes in RA. Emerging evidence highlights the significance of synovial fluid biomarkers, including aggrecan, matrix metalloproteinases, glucosyl-galactosyl-pyridinoline, hyaluronic acid, S100 proteins, calprotectin, and various cytokines, as well as immunological markers. Additionally, specific components of extracellular vesicles, such as non-coding RNAs, heat shock proteins, and lipids, are gaining attention. This review focuses on molecular markers found in synovial fluid and extracellular vesicles, excluding clinical and imaging biomarkers, and explores their potential applications in the diagnosis and management of RA.
近年来，人们对类风湿关节炎（RA）的众多潜在预后生物标志物进行了研究。尽管取得了这些进展，但临床实践主要依赖于自身抗体检测——类风湿因子（RF）和抗瓜氨酸化蛋白抗体（抗CCP）——以及炎症标志物，如红细胞沉降率（ESR）和C反应蛋白（CRP）。扩大诊断和治疗生物标志物的范围对于改善RA的临床结局至关重要。新出现的证据突出了滑液生物标志物的重要性，包括聚集蛋白聚糖、基质金属蛋白酶、葡萄糖基-半乳糖基-吡啶啉、透明质酸、S100蛋白、钙卫蛋白和各种细胞因子，以及免疫标志物。此外，细胞外囊泡的特定成分，如非编码RNA、热休克蛋白和脂质，也日益受到关注。本综述重点关注滑液和细胞外囊泡中发现的分子标志物，不包括临床和影像学生物标志物，并探讨它们在RA诊断和管理中的潜在应用。
