Sullivan Joseph P, Jones Melissa K
Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Dec 20;25(24):13638. doi: 10.3390/ijms252413638.
Bioactive lipids have a multifaceted role in health and disease and are recognized to play an important part in gut immunity and disease conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. Advancements in lipidomics, enabled by mass spectrometry and chromatographic techniques, have enhanced our understanding of lipid diversity and functionality. Bioactive lipids, including short-chain fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids, and sphingolipids, exhibit diverse effects on inflammation and immune regulation. Short-chain fatty acids like butyrate demonstrate anti-inflammatory properties, enhancing regulatory T cell function, gut barrier integrity, and epigenetic regulation, making them promising therapeutic targets for inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. Conversely, saturated fatty acids promote inflammation by disrupting gut homeostasis, triggering oxidative stress, and impairing immune regulation. Omega-3 lipids counteract these effects, reducing inflammation and supporting immune balance. Sphingolipids exhibit complex roles, modulating immune cell trafficking and inflammation. They can exert protective effects or exacerbate colitis depending on their source and context. Additionally, eicosanoids can also prevent pathology through prostaglandin defense against damage to epithelial barriers. This review underscores the importance of dietary lipids in shaping gut health and immunity and also highlights the potential use of lipids as therapeutic strategies for managing inflammatory conditions and cancer.
生物活性脂质在健康与疾病中具有多方面作用，并且被认为在肠道免疫以及诸如炎症性肠病和结肠癌等疾病状况中发挥重要作用。受质谱和色谱技术推动，脂质组学的进展增进了我们对脂质多样性和功能的理解。生物活性脂质，包括短链脂肪酸、饱和脂肪酸、ω-3脂肪酸和鞘脂，对炎症和免疫调节呈现出多样的影响。丁酸等短链脂肪酸具有抗炎特性，可增强调节性T细胞功能、肠道屏障完整性和表观遗传调控，使其成为炎症性肠病和结肠癌颇具前景的治疗靶点。相反，饱和脂肪酸通过破坏肠道内稳态、引发氧化应激和损害免疫调节来促进炎症。ω-3脂质可抵消这些影响，减轻炎症并维持免疫平衡。鞘脂发挥着复杂的作用，调节免疫细胞运输和炎症。根据其来源和背景，它们可发挥保护作用或加重结肠炎。此外，类花生酸也可通过前列腺素对上皮屏障损伤的防御作用来预防病理状况。本综述强调了膳食脂质在塑造肠道健康和免疫方面的重要性，同时也突出了脂质作为管理炎症性疾病和癌症治疗策略的潜在用途。
