Carrasco Lara, Utrilla Maria Jose, Fuentes-Romero Beatriz, Fernandez-Novo Aitor, Martin-Maldonado Barbara
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Biomedical and Health Sciences School, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain.
Veterinary Hospital, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain.
Microorganisms. 2024 Dec 18;12(12):2623. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms12122623.
West Nile Virus (WNV) is a zoonotic, vector-borne pathogen affecting humans and animals, particularly in Europe. The virus is primarily transmitted through mosquitoes that infect birds, which serve as the main reservoirs. Humans and horses are incidental hosts. This review focuses on the epidemiology of WNV in southern Europe, particularly its increasing prevalence. Methods included an extensive literature review and analysis of recent outbreaks. WNV is largely asymptomatic in humans, but a small percentage can develop West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND), leading to severe neurological symptoms and fatalities. Horses can also suffer from neurological complications, with high mortality rates. Climate change, migratory birds, and mosquito population dynamics contribute to the virus spread across Europe. Control efforts focus on vector management, and while vaccines are available for horses, none has been approved for humans. Surveillance, particularly of bird and mosquito populations, and further research into the virus molecular structure are crucial for understanding and mitigating future outbreaks.
西尼罗河病毒（WNV）是一种人畜共患的、通过媒介传播的病原体，会感染人类和动物，在欧洲尤为如此。该病毒主要通过感染鸟类的蚊子传播，鸟类是主要的宿主。人类和马匹是偶然宿主。本综述聚焦于南欧西尼罗河病毒的流行病学，尤其是其日益增加的流行率。方法包括广泛的文献综述和对近期疫情的分析。西尼罗河病毒在人类中大多无症状，但一小部分人可能会发展为西尼罗河神经侵袭性疾病（WNND），导致严重的神经症状和死亡。马匹也可能出现神经并发症，死亡率很高。气候变化、候鸟和蚊子种群动态促使该病毒在欧洲传播。防控措施主要集中在媒介管理上，虽然有针对马匹的疫苗，但尚无获批用于人类的疫苗。监测，尤其是对鸟类和蚊子种群的监测，以及对该病毒分子结构的进一步研究，对于理解和缓解未来的疫情至关重要。
