Loewenstein J I, Palmberg P F, Connett J E, Wentworth D N
Arch Ophthalmol. 1985 Feb;103(2):222-3. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1985.01050020074024.
Visual acuity screening was performed in the home in an adult population, using a standardized, retroilluminated chart. A pinhole disk was utilized to retest those subjects who initially failed the screening. All subjects failing the screening with the pinholes, and an equal number of age-matched subjects passing the screening (controls), were asked to have a complete ophthalmologic examination, including a protocol refraction in an eye clinic (clinic examination). Without use of the pinhole disk, 14.4% of subjects failed to read a 20/40 line. Use of the pinholes reduced the failure rate to 6.9%. Fifty-seven percent of those failing and 55% of controls had the clinic examination. Determination of best-corrected visual acuity after protocol refraction in the clinic indicated that the false-positive rate (the percentage of subjects who failed the screening but had visual acuity of 20/40 or better on the clinic examination) for the screening was 26%, and the false-negative rate (the percentage of subjects who passed the screening but had visual acuity of worse than 20/40 on the clinic examination) was 1.5%. Use of a pinhole disk is highly effective for visual acuity screening, reducing the false-positive rate by more than half.
在成年人群体的家中使用标准化的后照式视力表进行视力筛查。对最初筛查未通过的受试者使用针孔镜进行重新测试。所有使用针孔镜筛查仍未通过的受试者，以及数量相等的年龄匹配的筛查通过的受试者（对照组），均被要求进行全面的眼科检查，包括在眼科诊所进行验光检查（诊所检查）。在不使用针孔镜的情况下，14.4%的受试者无法读出20/40行的视标。使用针孔镜后，未通过率降至6.9%。未通过筛查的受试者中有57%以及对照组中有55%进行了诊所检查。在诊所进行验光检查后确定最佳矫正视力，结果表明该筛查的假阳性率（筛查未通过但在诊所检查中视力达到或优于20/40的受试者百分比）为26%，假阴性率（筛查通过但在诊所检查中视力低于20/40的受试者百分比）为1.5%。使用针孔镜对视力筛查非常有效，可将假阳性率降低一半以上。
