3D bioprinting approaches for enhancing stem cell-based neural tissue regeneration.

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting holds immense promise for advancing stem cell research and developing novel therapeutic strategies in the field of neural tissue engineering and disease modeling. This paper critically analyzes recent breakthroughs in 3D bioprinting, specifically focusing on its application in these areas. We comprehensively explore the advantages and limitations of various 3D printing methods, the selection and formulation of bioink materials tailored for neural stem cells, and the incorporation of nanomaterials with dual functionality, enhancing the bioprinting process and promoting neurogenesis pathways. Furthermore, the paper reviews the diverse range of stem cells employed in neural bioprinting research, discussing their potential applications and associated challenges. We also introduce the emerging field of 4D bioprinting, highlighting current efforts to develop time-responsive constructs that improve the integration and functionality of bioprinted neural tissues. In short, this manuscript aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of this rapidly evolving field. It underscores the transformative potential of 3D and 4D bioprinting technologies in revolutionizing stem cell research and paving the way for novel therapeutic solutions for neurological disorders and injuries, ultimately contributing significantly to the advancement of regenerative medicine. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This comprehensive review critically examines the current bioprinting research landscape, highlighting efforts to overcome key limitations in printing technologies-improving cell viability post-printing, enhancing resolution, and optimizing cross-linking efficiencies. The continuous refinement of material compositions aims to control the spatiotemporal delivery of therapeutic agents, ensuring better integration of transplanted cells with host tissues. Specifically, the review focuses on groundbreaking advancements in neural tissue engineering. The development of next-generation bioinks, hydrogels, and scaffolds specifically designed for neural regeneration complexities holds the potential to revolutionize treatments for debilitating neural conditions, especially when nanotechnologies are being incorporated. This review offers the readers both a comprehensive analysis of current breakthroughs and an insightful perspective on the future trajectory of neural tissue engineering.