From High Protection to Lethal Effect: Diverse Outcomes of Immunization Against Invasive Candidiasis with Different Extracellular Vesicles.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from can elicit immune responses, positioning them as promising acellular vaccine candidates. We characterized EVs from an avirulent cell wall mutant (Δ) and evaluated their protective potential against invasive candidiasis. EVs from the yeast (YEVs) and hyphal (HEVs) forms of the SC5314 wild-type strain were also tested, yielding high survival rates with SC5314 YEV (91%) and YEV immunization (64%). Surprisingly, HEV immunization showed a dual effect, resulting in 36% protection but also causing premature death in some mice. Proteomic analyses revealed distinct profiles among the top 100 proteins in the different EVs, which may explain these effects: a shared core of 50 immunogenic proteins such as Pgk1, Cdc19, and Fba1; unique, relevant immunogenic proteins in SC5314 YEVs; and proteins linked to pathogenesis, like Ece1 in SC5314 HEVs. Sera from SC5314 YEV-immunized mice showed the highest IgG2a titers and moderate IL-17, IFN-γ, and TNF-α levels, indicating the importance of both humoral and cellular responses for protection. These findings highlight the distinct immunogenic properties of EVs, suggesting their potential in acellular vaccine development while emphasizing the need to carefully evaluate pathogenic risks associated with certain EVs.