Longitudinal DNA methylation profiles in saliva of offspring from mothers with gestational diabetes: associations with early childhood growth patterns.

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is rising globally, particularly among children exposed to adverse intrauterine environments, such as those associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Epigenetic modifications, specifically DNA methylation, have emerged as mechanisms by which early environmental exposures can predispose offspring to metabolic diseases. This study aimed to investigate DNA methylation differences in children born to mothers with GDM compared to non-GDM mothers, using saliva samples, and to assess the association of these epigenetic patterns with early growth measurements.

METHODS

This study analyzed saliva DNA methylation patterns in 30 children (15 born to GDM mothers and 15 to non-GDM mothers) from the EPIDG cohort. Samples were collected at two time points: 8-10 weeks postpartum and at one year of age. Epigenome-wide analysis of over 850,000 CpG sites was conducted using the Illumina Methylation EPIC Bead Chip. Differential methylation positions (DMPs) were identified with the limma package, using a significance threshold of p < 0.01 and delta β ≥ 5%. Correlation analysis examined associations between methylation and growth variables (weight, height, BMI and annual growth) using Spearman tests.

RESULTS

We identified 6,968 DMPs at the postpartum stage and 5,132 after one year, with 50 sites remaining differentially methylated over time, 16 of which maintained consistent methylation directionality. Functional analysis linked several of these DMPs to genes involved in inflammation and metabolic processes, including CYTH3 and FARP2, both implicated in growth and metabolic pathways. Significant correlations were found between specific CpG sites and growth-related variables such as weight, head circumference, height, and BMI.

CONCLUSIONS

This study's longitudinal design reveals stable DNA methylation patterns in saliva samples that differentiate GDM-exposed children from controls across the first year of life, highlighting the feasibility of saliva as a minimally invasive biomarker source. The persistence of these epigenetic signatures underscores their potential as early indicators of metabolic risk, offering valuable insights into the long-term impact of maternal GDM on child health. Although the use of saliva offers a practical and non-invasive tool for pediatric epigenetic research, further studies are necessary to validate these findings in larger populations.