Csiba Rebeka, Varga Zsaklin, Pásztor Dorina, Süle Bianka, Mxinwa Vera Ihuoma Ogoke, Soltész Zoltán, Zana Brigitta, Bányai Krisztián, Kemenesi Gábor, Kurucz Kornélia
National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
Parasit Vectors. 2025 Jan 16;18(1):13. doi: 10.1186/s13071-024-06635-5.
Mosquitoes, as vectors of various pathogens, have been a public health risk for centuries. Human activities such as international travel and trade, along with climate change, have facilitated the spread of invasive mosquitoes and novel pathogens across Europe, increasing the risk of mosquito-borne disease introduction and their spread. Despite this threat, mosquito control in Hungary still relies predominantly on chemical treatments, which poses the risk of developing insecticide resistance in local populations. While pyrethroid resistance has been documented in several countries, there is no information on this issue from Hungary. This study aims to investigate the presence of resistance in Hungarian mosquito populations by analyzing a native, already known disease vector and a recently established invasive species with public health significance.
We assessed the presence of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations L1014F in Culex pipiens and V1016G and F1534C in Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, which are responsible for pyrethroid resistance. Mosquito specimens were investigated retrospectively, collected from previous years within the framework of local monitoring programs run in urban areas representing five regions of Hungary. The mutations in mosquitoes were detected individually by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis, following generally used protocols.
In Cx. pipiens, the kdr mutation was detected across all five collection sites, with resistance allele frequencies ranging from 18.1% to 36.3%. Resistance alleles were identified in homozygosity and heterozygosity with the susceptible allele, resulting in 53% of the investigated mosquitoes showing resistance to pyrethroids in the Hungarian populations. In contrast, for Ae. albopictus, the analyzed individuals were found to carry only the susceptible alleles, indicating a homozygous susceptible genotype across the investigated populations on the basis of V1016G and F1534C genes.
Our work highlights the consequences of the unilateral and long-term use of chemical treatments on mosquitoes. This indicates an urgent need for a change of concept in mosquito control strategy in Hungary, as well as in countries where mosquito control still relies dominantly on insecticides. The restricted use of chemical treatment is highly recommended to prevent the development of pyrethroid resistance in recently established populations of the invasive Ae. albopictus, and to decrease the public health risk of vector-borne diseases.
蚊子作为多种病原体的传播媒介，几个世纪以来一直是公共卫生风险。国际旅行和贸易等人类活动，以及气候变化，促进了入侵性蚊子和新型病原体在欧洲的传播，增加了蚊媒疾病传入和传播的风险。尽管存在这种威胁，但匈牙利的蚊虫控制仍然主要依赖化学处理，这带来了当地蚊虫种群产生杀虫剂抗性的风险。虽然几个国家已记录到拟除虫菊酯抗性，但匈牙利尚无关于此问题的信息。本研究旨在通过分析一种本地的、已知的疾病传播媒介和一种新建立的具有公共卫生意义的入侵物种，调查匈牙利蚊虫种群中的抗性情况。
我们评估了致倦库蚊中击倒抗性（kdr）突变L1014F以及白纹伊蚊中V1016G和F1534C突变的存在情况，这些突变与拟除虫菊酯抗性有关。对蚊虫标本进行回顾性研究，标本是从匈牙利五个地区城市的当地监测项目框架内前几年收集的。按照常用方案，通过等位基因特异性聚合酶链反应（PCR）和凝胶电泳分别检测蚊虫中的突变。
在致倦库蚊中，在所有五个采集地点均检测到kdr突变，抗性等位基因频率在18.1%至36.3%之间。抗性等位基因以纯合子和与敏感等位基因杂合子的形式被鉴定出来，导致匈牙利种群中53%的被调查蚊虫对拟除虫菊酯表现出抗性。相比之下，对于白纹伊蚊，分析的个体仅携带敏感等位基因，表明基于V1016G和F1534C基因，在所调查种群中为纯合敏感基因型。
我们的工作突出了对蚊子单方面长期使用化学处理的后果。这表明匈牙利以及其他蚊虫控制仍主要依赖杀虫剂的国家迫切需要改变蚊虫控制策略的理念。强烈建议限制化学处理的使用，以防止新建立的入侵白纹伊蚊种群产生拟除虫菊酯抗性，并降低媒介传播疾病的公共卫生风险。
