Matud M Pilar
Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychobiology, and Methodology, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristobal de La Laguna, Spain.
Geriatrics (Basel). 2025 Jan 3;10(1):5. doi: 10.3390/geriatrics10010005.
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic seriously threatened the health and well-being of the population. This study aims to investigate the relevance of the COVID-19 pandemic on the stress, mental distress, and well-being of older people in Spain. The design was quantitative repeated cross-sectional. The sample was non-probability and consisted of 1436 persons from the general population divided into two groups: (1) the study group, composed of 718 women (61.3%) and men aged 60 to 89; (2) the comparison group, composed of the same number of women and men aged 30 to 45. All were assessed in three phases of the COVID-19 pandemic: the first pandemic year, the last pandemic year, and the post-pandemic period. The results showed that during the first year of the pandemic, the prevalence of mental distress was higher in older women (50%) than in older men (37.2%), while the rates in the comparison group were 57.2% for women and 53.2% for men. In the post-pandemic period, the rates of mental distress were 30.2% for older women and 29.8% for older men while in the comparison group, the rates were 48.5% for women and 26.5% for men. No significant differences in well-being were found between the groups or between the different phases of the pandemic. The most common stressors reported by older people were illness and death of family and/or loved ones, followed by personal illness. In the post-pandemic period, more stressful events and lower stress resilience were found to predict mental distress in older women and men. Greater perceived vulnerability to infection was another important predictor for women. Low self-esteem and younger age were also predictors of mental distress for men. High self-esteem, high social support, greater stress resilience and fewer stressful events were predictors of well-being for both genders. The results of this study are relevant for the design of policies, programs, and strategies to improve the health and well-being of older people.
2019年冠状病毒病（COVID-19）大流行严重威胁着民众的健康和福祉。本研究旨在调查COVID-19大流行与西班牙老年人的压力、精神困扰和幸福感之间的相关性。研究设计为定量重复横断面研究。样本为非概率样本，由来自普通人群的1436人组成，分为两组：（1）研究组，由718名女性（61.3%）和60至89岁的男性组成；（2）对照组由相同数量的30至45岁的女性和男性组成。所有参与者在COVID-19大流行的三个阶段接受评估：大流行的第一年、大流行的最后一年和大流行后时期。结果显示，在大流行的第一年，老年女性的精神困扰患病率（50%）高于老年男性（37.2%），而对照组中女性的患病率为57.2%，男性为53.2%。在大流行后时期，老年女性的精神困扰患病率为30.2%，老年男性为29.8%，而对照组中女性的患病率为48.5%，男性为26.5%。在不同组之间或大流行的不同阶段之间，幸福感没有显著差异。老年人报告的最常见压力源是家人和/或亲人的疾病和死亡，其次是个人疾病。在大流行后时期，更多的压力事件和更低的压力恢复力被发现可预测老年女性和男性的精神困扰。更高的感染易感性是女性的另一个重要预测因素。低自尊和年轻也是男性精神困扰的预测因素。高自尊、高社会支持、更强的压力恢复力和更少的压力事件是两性幸福感的预测因素。本研究结果对于改善老年人健康和福祉的政策、项目和策略设计具有参考价值。
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