Drake R E, Vaillant G E
Am J Psychiatry. 1985 May;142(5):553-8. doi: 10.1176/ajp.142.5.553.
The authors examine DSM-III personality disorders in a longitudinally followed community sample of middle-aged inner city men. Eighty-six (23%) of the subjects received an axis II diagnosis of personality disorder. Although these men received relatively little psychiatric attention, they were severely impaired in terms of how they felt about themselves, how others saw their global mental health, and their ability to work and to love. When the strong overlap with alcoholism was controlled for, personality disorder was clearly related to adaptive problems that manifested by early adolescence. The evidence suggests that early deficiencies of biology, environmental support, and ego strength contribute to the development of personality disorder.
作者们在一个对市中心中年男性进行纵向跟踪的社区样本中研究了《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》第三版（DSM-III）中的人格障碍。86名（23%）受试者被诊断为轴II人格障碍。尽管这些男性接受的精神科关注相对较少，但他们在自我认知、他人对其整体心理健康的看法以及工作和爱的能力方面存在严重障碍。在控制了与酒精中毒的强烈重叠因素后，人格障碍显然与青春期早期出现的适应性问题有关。证据表明，生物学、环境支持和自我力量的早期缺陷会导致人格障碍的发展。
