Popa-Tudor Ioana, Tritean Naomi, Dima Ștefan-Ovidiu, Trică Bogdan, Ghiurea Marius, Cimpean Anisoara, Oancea Florin, Constantinescu-Aruxandei Diana
Polymers and Bioresources Departments, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, Splaiul Independentei nr. 202, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei nr. 91-95, Sector 5, 050095 Bucharest, Romania.
Gels. 2025 Jan 4;11(1):37. doi: 10.3390/gels11010037.
Cellulose nanofibers gained increasing interest in the production of medical devices such as mucoadhesive nanohydrogels due to their ability to retain moisture (high hydrophilicity), flexibility, superior porosity and durability, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and biocompatibility. In this work, we aimed to compare the suitability of selected bacterial and vegetal nanocellulose to form hydrogels for biomedical applications. The vegetal and bacterial cellulose nanofibers were synthesized from brewer's spent grains (BSG) and kombucha membranes, respectively. Two hydrogels were prepared, one based on the vegetal and the other based on the bacterial cellulose nanofibers (VNC and BNC, respectively). VNC was less opaque and more fluid than BNC. The cytocompatibility and in vitro antioxidant activity of the nanocellulose-based hydrogels were investigated using human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1, ATCC CRL-2014). The investigation of the hydrogel-mucin interaction revealed that the BNC hydrogel had an approx. 2× higher mucin binding efficiency than the VNC hydrogel at a hydrogel/mucin ratio (mg/mg) = 4. The BNC hydrogel exhibited the highest potential to increase the number of metabolically active viable cells (107.60 ± 0.98% of cytotoxicity negative control) among all culture conditions. VNC reduced the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by about 23% (105.5 ± 2.2% of C-) in comparison with the positive control, whereas the ROS level was slightly higher (120.2 ± 3.9% of C-) following the BNC hydrogel treatment. Neither of the two hydrogels showed antibacterial activity when assessed by the diffusion method. The data suggest that the BNC hydrogel based on nanocellulose from kombucha fermentation could be a better candidate for cytocompatible and mucoadhesive nanoformulations than the VNC hydrogel based on nanocellulose from brewer's spent grains. The antioxidant and antibacterial activity of BNC and both BNC and VNC, respectively, should be improved.
纤维素纳米纤维因其保持水分的能力（高亲水性）、柔韧性、优异的孔隙率和耐久性、生物可降解性、无毒性和生物相容性，在诸如粘膜粘附纳米水凝胶等医疗设备的生产中越来越受到关注。在这项工作中，我们旨在比较选定的细菌和植物纳米纤维素形成用于生物医学应用的水凝胶的适用性。植物和细菌纤维素纳米纤维分别由啤酒糟（BSG）和红茶菌膜合成。制备了两种水凝胶，一种基于植物纤维素纳米纤维，另一种基于细菌纤维素纳米纤维（分别为VNC和BNC）。VNC比BNC透明度更低且流动性更强。使用人牙龈成纤维细胞（HGF-1，ATCC CRL-2014）研究了基于纳米纤维素的水凝胶的细胞相容性和体外抗氧化活性。水凝胶-粘蛋白相互作用的研究表明，在水凝胶/粘蛋白比率（mg/mg）=4时，BNC水凝胶的粘蛋白结合效率比VNC水凝胶高约2倍。在所有培养条件下，BNC水凝胶显示出增加代谢活跃活细胞数量的最高潜力（细胞毒性阴性对照的107.60±0.98%）。与阳性对照相比，VNC使活性氧（ROS）量减少约23%（C-的105.5±2.2%），而BNC水凝胶处理后ROS水平略高（C-的120.2±3.9%）。通过扩散法评估时，两种水凝胶均未显示出抗菌活性。数据表明，与基于啤酒糟纳米纤维素的VNC水凝胶相比，基于红茶菌发酵纳米纤维素的BNC水凝胶可能是细胞相容性和粘膜粘附纳米制剂的更好候选者。BNC以及BNC和VNC的抗氧化和抗菌活性都应得到改善。
