Fathy Mahmoud Abdelwahab, Bühlmann Philippe
Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo 11566, Egypt.
Biosensors (Basel). 2025 Jan 15;15(1):51. doi: 10.3390/bios15010051.
In recent years, the field of wearable sensors has undergone significant evolution, emerging as a pivotal topic of research due to the capacity of such sensors to gather physiological data during various human activities. Transitioning from basic fitness trackers, these sensors are continuously being improved, with the ultimate objective to make compact, sophisticated, highly integrated, and adaptable multi-functional devices that seamlessly connect to clothing or the body, and continuously monitor bodily signals without impeding the wearer's comfort or well-being. Potentiometric sensors, leveraging a range of different solid contact materials, have emerged as a preferred choice for wearable chemical or biological sensors. Nanomaterials play a pivotal role, offering unique properties, such as high conductivity and surface-to-volume ratios. This article provides a review of recent advancements in wearable potentiometric sensors utilizing various solid contacts, with a particular emphasis on nanomaterials. These sensors are employed for precise ion concentration determinations, notably sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, and chloride, in human biological fluids. This review highlights two primary applications, that is, (1) the enhancement of athletic performance by continuous monitoring of ion levels in sweat to gauge the athlete's health status, and (2) the facilitation of clinical diagnosis and preventive healthcare by monitoring the health status of patients, in particular to detect early signs of dehydration, fatigue, and muscle spasms.
近年来，可穿戴传感器领域经历了重大发展，由于此类传感器能够在各种人类活动中收集生理数据，因而成为一个关键的研究课题。从基本的健身追踪器发展而来，这些传感器不断改进，最终目标是制造出紧凑、精密、高度集成且适应性强的多功能设备，使其能够无缝连接到衣物或身体上，并在不影响佩戴者舒适度或健康状况的前提下持续监测身体信号。利用一系列不同固体接触材料的电位传感器，已成为可穿戴化学或生物传感器的首选。纳米材料发挥着关键作用，具有高导电性和表面积与体积比等独特特性。本文综述了利用各种固体接触的可穿戴电位传感器的最新进展，特别强调了纳米材料。这些传感器用于精确测定人体生物流体中的离子浓度，特别是钠、钾、钙、镁、铵和氯化物。本综述重点介绍了两个主要应用，即：（1）通过持续监测汗液中的离子水平来评估运动员的健康状况，从而提高运动表现；（2）通过监测患者的健康状况，特别是检测脱水、疲劳和肌肉痉挛的早期迹象，来促进临床诊断和预防性医疗保健。
