Drużyńska Martyna, Lenar Nikola, Paczosa-Bator Beata
Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, Mickiewicza 30, 30059 Krakow, Poland.
Molecules. 2025 Aug 25;30(17):3492. doi: 10.3390/molecules30173492.
Lead contamination remains a critical global concern due to its persistent toxicity, bioaccumulative nature, and widespread occurrence in water, food, and industrial environments. The accurate, cost-effective, and rapid detection of lead ions (Pb) is essential for protecting public health and ensuring environmental safety. Among the available techniques, potentiometric sensors, particularly ion-selective electrodes (ISEs), have emerged as practical tools owing to their simplicity, portability, low power requirements, and high selectivity. This review summarizes recent progress in lead-selective potentiometry, with an emphasis on electrode architectures and material innovations that enhance analytical performance. Reported sensors achieve detection limits as low as 10 M, broad linear ranges typically spanning 10-10 M, and near-Nernstian sensitivities of ~28-31 mV per decade. Many designs also demonstrate reproducible responses in complex matrices. Comparative analysis highlights advances in traditional liquid-contact electrodes and modern solid-contact designs modified with nanomaterials, ionic liquids, and conducting polymers. Current challenges-including long-term stability, calibration frequency, and selectivity against competing metal ions-are discussed, and future directions for more sensitive, selective, and user-friendly Pb sensors are outlined.
由于铅具有持久的毒性、生物累积性，且在水、食物和工业环境中广泛存在，铅污染仍然是一个至关重要的全球问题。准确、经济高效且快速地检测铅离子（Pb）对于保护公众健康和确保环境安全至关重要。在现有的技术中，电位传感器，特别是离子选择性电极（ISE），因其简单、便携、低功耗要求和高选择性而成为实用工具。本综述总结了铅选择性电位法的最新进展，重点关注增强分析性能的电极结构和材料创新。报道的传感器检测限低至10⁻⁹ M，宽线性范围通常跨越10⁻¹² - 10⁻⁶ M，每十倍浓度变化具有约28 - 31 mV的近能斯特灵敏度。许多设计在复杂基质中也表现出可重复的响应。对比分析突出了传统液接电极以及用纳米材料、离子液体和导电聚合物修饰的现代固接设计的进展。讨论了当前面临的挑战，包括长期稳定性、校准频率以及对竞争性金属离子的选择性，并概述了更灵敏、选择性更好且用户友好的铅传感器的未来发展方向。
