Influence of Bee Venom on Nociception and Inflammatory Cytokine Profiles in Experimental Hyperalgesia.

Hyperalgesia is a condition marked by an abnormal increase in pain sensitivity, often occurring in response to tissue injury, inflammation, or prolonged exposure to certain medications. Inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, play a central role in this process, amplifying pain perception. Developing effective treatments that address the underlying mechanisms of hyperalgesia is an active field of research. venom demonstrated potential immunomodulatory activity associated with cytokine release in vivo. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of bee venom (BV) on pain sensitivity in a formalin-induced hyperalgesia mice model and to evaluate the potential role of cytokines associated with the nociception of pain. The hotplate test, used to measure pain latency, showed that hypersensitivity to pain was induced in formalin-injected male mice only, with no changes in females, suggesting a sex-based response to formalin. When applied, BV reduced pain sensitivity in males, suggesting pain relief potential. At the molecular level, BV was able to reduce pro-inflammatory interleukin IL-4 and cytokine IFN-γ, emphasizing its immunomodulatory potential. Interestingly, the venom restored anti-inflammatory IL-10 levels that were significantly decreased in hyperalgesia males. Together, these findings highlight the therapeutic potential for BV in managing inflammation and reducing pain, particularly hyperalgesia.