Ransdell-Green Eleanor C, Baranowska-Kortylewicz Janina, Wang Dong
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
Antioxidants (Basel). 2025 Jan 10;14(1):79. doi: 10.3390/antiox14010079.
Hydroxyl radicals (OH), the most potent oxidants among reactive oxygen species (ROS), are a major contributor to oxidative damage of biomacromolecules, including DNA, lipids, and proteins. The overproduction of OH is implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and some cardiovascular pathologies. Given the localized nature of OH-induced damage, detecting OH, specifically near DNA and within organelles, is crucial for understanding their pathological roles. The major challenge of OH detection results from their short half-life, high reactivity, and low concentrations within biological systems. As a result, there is a growing need for the development of highly sensitive and selective probes that can detect OH in specific cellular regions. This review focuses on the advances in fluorescence probes designed to detect OH near DNA and within cellular organelles and membranes. The key designs of the probes are highlighted, with emphasis on their strengths, applications, and limitations. Recommendations for future research directions are given to further enhance probe development and characterization.
羟自由基（OH）是活性氧物种（ROS）中最具活性的氧化剂，是导致生物大分子（包括DNA、脂质和蛋白质）氧化损伤的主要因素。OH的过量产生与多种疾病的发病机制有关，如癌症、神经退行性疾病和一些心血管疾病。鉴于OH诱导损伤的局部性质，检测OH，特别是在DNA附近和细胞器内，对于理解它们的病理作用至关重要。OH检测的主要挑战源于其半衰期短、反应活性高以及在生物系统中的浓度低。因此，越来越需要开发能够在特定细胞区域检测OH的高灵敏度和高选择性探针。本综述重点介绍了用于检测DNA附近以及细胞器和膜内OH的荧光探针的研究进展。突出了探针的关键设计，重点介绍了它们的优势、应用和局限性。给出了未来研究方向的建议，以进一步加强探针的开发和表征。
