Williams Sarah V, Close Rebecca, Piel Frédéric B, Barratt Benjamin, Crabbe Helen
UK Field Epidemiology Training Programme, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London E14 4PU, UK.
Environmental Epidemiology Team, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Didcot OX11 0RQ, UK.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2025 Jan 15;22(1):110. doi: 10.3390/ijerph22010110.
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a toxic gas, and faulty gas appliances or solid fuel burning with incomplete combustion are possible CO sources in households. Evaluating household CO exposure models and measurement studies is key to understanding where CO exposures may result in adverse health outcomes. This assists the assessment of the burden of disease in high- and middle-income countries and informs public health interventions in higher-risk environments. We conducted a literature review to identify themes that characterise CO exposure in household dwellings. A keyword-structured search using literature databases was conducted to find studies published in the period of 1 January 2010-5 June 2024. We focused on studies from high- and middle-income countries, excluding animal and biomass studies, and narratively synthesised themes. We identified 5294 papers in the literature search and included 22 papers from thirteen countries in the review. Most measured CO levels were below the WHO or country guidance levels, with sporadic peaks of measured CO linked to fuel-burning activities. To understand CO exposure in households, we identified sixteen themes grouped into five main categories: dwelling characteristics, source characteristics, temporal variation, environmental characteristics, and socioeconomic status of occupants. Seasonal variation (temporal variation), size of room and ventilation (dwelling characteristics), and cooking and outdoor CO levels (source characteristics) had the most evidence. These themes characterising CO exposure in household dwellings are important to aid the development of indoor exposure models and for understanding where CO exposures result in adverse health outcomes. These themes should be validated by household CO monitoring studies, which will enable the identification of higher-risk household dwellings and inform public health actions.
一氧化碳（CO）是一种有毒气体，家用燃气器具故障或固体燃料不完全燃烧是家庭中可能的一氧化碳来源。评估家庭一氧化碳暴露模型和测量研究是了解一氧化碳暴露可能导致不良健康结果的关键。这有助于评估高收入和中等收入国家的疾病负担，并为高风险环境中的公共卫生干预提供依据。我们进行了一项文献综述，以确定家庭住宅中一氧化碳暴露的特征主题。使用文献数据库进行了关键词结构化搜索，以查找2010年1月1日至2024年6月5日期间发表的研究。我们重点关注高收入和中等收入国家的研究，不包括动物和生物质研究，并对主题进行了叙述性综合。我们在文献搜索中识别出5294篇论文，在综述中纳入了来自13个国家的22篇论文。大多数测量的一氧化碳水平低于世界卫生组织或国家指导水平，测量的一氧化碳偶尔出现峰值与燃料燃烧活动有关。为了了解家庭中的一氧化碳暴露情况，我们确定了16个主题，分为五个主要类别：住宅特征、来源特征、时间变化、环境特征和居住者的社会经济地位。季节性变化（时间变化）、房间大小和通风（住宅特征）以及烹饪和室外一氧化碳水平（来源特征）的证据最多。这些表征家庭住宅中一氧化碳暴露的主题对于帮助开发室内暴露模型以及了解一氧化碳暴露在何处导致不良健康结果非常重要。这些主题应通过家庭一氧化碳监测研究进行验证，这将有助于识别高风险家庭住宅并为公共卫生行动提供信息。
