Slimani Narmine, Arraouadi Soumaya, Hajlaoui Hafedh, Cid-Samamed Antonio, Borgi Mohamed Ali, Snoussi Mejdi
Laboratory of Biotechnology and Biomonitoring of the Environment and Oasis Ecosystems (LBBEEO), Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Zarroug, Gafsa 2112, Tunisia.
Regional Center of Agricultural Research (CRRA) Sidi Bouzid, Gafsa Road Km 5, PB 357, Sidi Bouzid 9100, Tunisia.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025 Jan 10;18(1):77. doi: 10.3390/ph18010077.
Quinoa is recognized for its nutritional and pharmacological properties. This study aims to investigate the impact of salt stress induced by varying concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) on the production of phenolic compounds and their biological activities in different quinoa accessions. Leaves from three quinoa accessions (Q4, Q24, and Q45) cultivated under increasing NaCl treatments were subjected to chemical analysis using ethanol and water extract. The concentrations of various phenolic compounds, including polyphenols, tannins, anthocyanins, and flavonoids, were quantified. HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS was employed to identify the major compounds in the water extract. Additionally, antioxidants (ABTS and FRAP), anti-tyrosinase, and anti-acetylcholinesterase effects were assessed using in vitro and in silico approaches. NaCl treatment significantly increased the levels of phenolic compounds across all quinoa accessions. The Q45 accession exhibited the highest accumulation of these compounds, particularly in the aqueous extracts at the 200 mM NaCl concentration. Increases were observed in flavonoids (144%), anthocyanins (125%), tannins (89%), and total polyphenols (65%) relative to controls. HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS analysis corroborated these findings, showing that the main compounds also increased with higher NaCl concentrations. Furthermore, the biological efficacy tests revealed that the IC values for both tyrosinase and acetylcholinesterase activities decreased with greater salt stress, indicating enhanced enzyme inhibition. The antioxidant activity of these extracts also showed a significant increase as the salt stress levels rose. Salt stress not only promotes the production of bioactive phenolic compounds in quinoa leaves but also enhances their inhibitory effects on key enzymes associated with neurodegenerative and pigmentary disorders. These findings suggest that quinoa may serve as a valuable resource for therapeutic applications, particularly under increased salinity conditions.
藜麦因其营养和药理特性而闻名。本研究旨在探究不同浓度氯化钠（NaCl）诱导的盐胁迫对不同藜麦种质中酚类化合物产量及其生物活性的影响。对在NaCl处理浓度增加的条件下种植的三个藜麦种质（Q4、Q24和Q45）的叶片，使用乙醇和水提取物进行化学分析。对包括多酚、单宁、花青素和黄酮类化合物在内的各种酚类化合物的浓度进行了定量。采用高效液相色谱-二极管阵列-电喷雾串联质谱（HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS）鉴定水提取物中的主要化合物。此外，使用体外和计算机模拟方法评估了抗氧化剂（ABTS和FRAP）、抗酪氨酸酶和抗乙酰胆碱酯酶的作用。NaCl处理显著提高了所有藜麦种质中酚类化合物的含量。Q45种质中这些化合物的积累量最高，特别是在200 mM NaCl浓度的水提取物中。与对照相比，黄酮类化合物（增加144%）、花青素（增加125%）、单宁（增加89%）和总多酚（增加65%）均有所增加。HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS分析证实了这些发现，表明主要化合物也随着NaCl浓度的升高而增加。此外，生物功效测试表明，随着盐胁迫的增加，酪氨酸酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的半数抑制浓度（IC）值降低，表明酶抑制作用增强。随着盐胁迫水平的升高，这些提取物的抗氧化活性也显著增加。盐胁迫不仅促进了藜麦叶片中生物活性酚类化合物的产生，还增强了它们对与神经退行性疾病和色素沉着紊乱相关的关键酶的抑制作用。这些发现表明，藜麦可能是一种有价值的治疗应用资源，特别是在盐度增加的条件下。
