早餐摄入或不摄入对运动表现及适应性的影响：一项叙述性综述
The Impact of Breakfast Consumption or Omission on Exercise Performance and Adaptations: A Narrative Review.
作者信息
Stratton Matthew T, Holden Shelley L, Davis Ray, Massengale Austin T
机构信息
Basic and Applied Laboratory for Dietary Interventions in Exercise and Sport, Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
出版信息
Nutrients. 2025 Jan 15;17(2):300. doi: 10.3390/nu17020300.
BACKGROUND
Breakfast is often termed the most important meal of the day. However, its importance to acute and chronic adaptations to exercise is currently not well summarized throughout the literature.
METHODS
A narrative review of the experimental literature regarding breakfast consumption's impact on acute and chronic exercise performance and alterations in body composition prior to November 2024 was conducted. To be included in this review, the selected investigations needed to include some aspect of either endurance or resistance training performance and be conducted in humans.
RESULTS
These findings suggest that breakfast consumption may benefit acute long-duration (>60 min) but not short-duration (<60 min) morning endurance exercise. Evening time trial performance was consistently inhibited following breakfast omission despite the resumption of eating midday. No or minimal impact of breakfast consumption was found when examining acute morning or afternoon resistance training or the longitudinal adaptations to either resistance or endurance training. Favorable changes in body composition were often noted following the omission of breakfast. However, this was primarily driven by the concomitant reduced kilocalorie intake.
CONCLUSIONS
Consuming breakfast may aid endurance athletes regularly performing exercise lasting >60 min in length. However, the morning meal's impact on resistance training and changes in body composition appears to be minimal. Although, as the body of literature is limited, future investigations are needed to truly ascertain the dietary practice's impact.
背景
早餐常被称为一天中最重要的一餐。然而，目前整个文献中对其在急性和慢性运动适应方面的重要性并未得到很好的总结。
方法
对2024年11月之前有关早餐摄入对急性和慢性运动表现以及身体成分变化影响的实验性文献进行了叙述性综述。要纳入本综述，所选研究需要包括耐力或阻力训练表现的某个方面，并在人体中进行。
结果
这些发现表明，早餐摄入可能有益于急性长时间（>60分钟）但无益于短时间（<60分钟）的早晨耐力运动。尽管中午恢复进食，但不吃早餐后夜间计时赛成绩持续受到抑制。在检查急性早晨或下午的阻力训练或对阻力或耐力训练的纵向适应情况时，未发现早餐摄入有影响或影响极小。不吃早餐后，身体成分往往会出现有利变化。然而，这主要是由于随之而来的卡路里摄入量减少所致。
结论
食用早餐可能有助于经常进行时长>60分钟运动的耐力运动员。然而，早餐对阻力训练和身体成分变化的影响似乎极小。不过，由于文献数量有限，未来需要进行更多研究才能真正确定这种饮食习惯的影响。
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