Truzzi Eleonora, Vanti Giulia, Grifoni Lucia, Maretti Eleonora, Leo Eliana, Bilia Anna Rita
Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" (DICUS), University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
Pharmaceutics. 2025 Jan 3;17(1):53. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics17010053.
Resins are complex mixtures of natural constituents containing non-volatile and volatile terpenes, in combination with gums and polyphenols, used since ancient times for their medicinal properties. Current research has evidenced their therapeutic value with a plethora of activities. The main limits of resins and their constituents for their clinical use are low water solubility, poor stability and bioavailability. Therefore, nanovectors including vesicles, solid lipid nanoparticles, micelles, nanoemulsions, microemulsions and mesoporic nanoparticles have been investigated to optimize the biopharmaceutical properties after topical or oral administration of resins or fractions from them, including essential oils or single constituents. In this review, we report the results evidencing that developed nanovectors were able to entrap high amounts of resins or their components, modify the release properties, enhance their cellular uptake and penetration across biological barriers and optimize the biopharmaceutical properties. In addition, the resins or their fractions as enhancer penetration molecules can optimize the architecture and properties of nanovectors in their capacity to circumvent biological barriers. Although no clinical studies have been reported until now, nanovectors represent a huge platform for upgrading therapies and emerging new treatments of resins such as wound healing therapy.
树脂是天然成分的复杂混合物，含有非挥发性和挥发性萜类化合物，并与树胶和多酚结合，自古以来因其药用特性而被使用。目前的研究已证实它们具有多种活性的治疗价值。树脂及其成分在临床应用中的主要局限在于水溶性低、稳定性差和生物利用度低。因此，人们对包括囊泡、固体脂质纳米粒、胶束、纳米乳剂、微乳剂和介孔纳米粒在内的纳米载体进行了研究，以优化树脂或其提取物（包括精油或单一成分）经局部或口服给药后的生物药剂学性质。在本综述中，我们报告的结果表明，所开发的纳米载体能够包封大量树脂或其成分，改变释放特性，增强细胞摄取和跨生物屏障的渗透，并优化生物药剂学性质。此外，树脂或其提取物作为增强渗透分子，可以优化纳米载体的结构和性质，使其能够绕过生物屏障。尽管目前尚未有临床研究报道，但纳米载体是升级树脂治疗方法和开发新疗法（如伤口愈合疗法）的巨大平台。
