Sima Núria, Ayllon-Hermida Alberto, Fernández-Becerra Carmen, Del Portillo Hernando A
ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain.
IGTP, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.
mBio. 2025 Mar 12;16(3):e0230424. doi: 10.1128/mbio.02304-24. Epub 2025 Jan 27.
Globally, an estimated 2.1 billion malaria cases and 11.7 million malaria deaths were averted in the period 2000-2022. Noticeably, despite effective control measurements, in 2022 there were an estimated 249 million malaria cases in 85 malaria-endemic countries and an increase of 5 million cases compared with 2021. Further understanding the biology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of human malaria is therefore essential for achieving malaria elimination. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed nanoparticles pivotal in intercellular communication and secreted by all cell types. Here, we will review what is currently known about EVs in malaria, from biogenesis and cargo to molecular insights of pathophysiology. Of relevance, a meta-analysis of proteomics cargo, and comparisons between and human studies revealed striking differences with those few studies reported from patients. Thus, indicating the need for rigor standardization of methodologies and for transitioning to human infections to elucidate their physiological role. We conclude with a focus on translational aspects in diagnosis and vaccine development and highlight key gaps in the knowledge of EVs in malaria research.
在全球范围内，2000年至2022年期间估计避免了21亿例疟疾病例和1170万例疟疾死亡。值得注意的是，尽管采取了有效的控制措施，但2022年，85个疟疾流行国家估计有2.49亿例疟疾病例，与2021年相比增加了500万例。因此，进一步了解人类疟疾的生物学、流行病学和发病机制对于实现消除疟疾至关重要。细胞外囊泡（EVs）是膜包裹的纳米颗粒，在细胞间通讯中起关键作用，由所有细胞类型分泌。在这里，我们将回顾目前关于疟疾中细胞外囊泡的已知信息，从生物发生、货物到病理生理学的分子见解。相关的是，蛋白质组学货物的荟萃分析以及人类研究之间的比较显示，与患者报告的少数研究存在显著差异。因此，表明需要严格规范方法，并转向人类感染研究以阐明其生理作用。我们最后重点关注诊断和疫苗开发中的转化方面，并强调疟疾研究中细胞外囊泡知识的关键空白。
