Antibiotic resistance gene pollution in poultry farming environments and approaches for mitigation: A system review.

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) pollution in poultry farming environments has become increasingly critical, primarily driven by the widespread use of antibiotics in animal husbandry. Prolonged antibiotic use has led to the emergence of ARGs and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, spreading via horizontal and vertical gene transfer. The complexity of ARG pollution in poultry farming arises from the unique farming practices, physiological characteristics of poultry, and manure management methods, with manure, wastewater, and air serving as significant vectors for ARG dissemination. Current research indicates that the spread of ARGs poses a significant threat to ecosystems and public health. In response to this growing concern, this review outlines the sources, distribution characteristics, and transmission mechanisms of ARGs in poultry farming environments. It also evaluates the efficacy of existing waste treatment technologies in mitigating ARG contamination. The review proposes several strategies to control ARG dissemination effectively, including reducing antibiotic usage, improving farming practices, optimizing waste management, and strengthening regulatory oversight. It also highlights the need for further research to address existing knowledge gaps and explore more efficient pollution control technologies and management measures. This review aims to provide theoretical support for protecting the environment and public health in the context of poultry farming.