Alsolmi Meshayil M, El-Naggar Noura El-Ahmady, Alqurashi Mashael I, Hamouda Ragaa A
College of Science and Arts at Khulis, Department of Mathematics, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Bioprocess Development, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTACity), New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt.
Sci Rep. 2025 Jan 30;15(1):3780. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-86629-0.
Crystal violet (Cry) is an essential textile dye belonging to the triphenylmethane group, that is widely used in the textile industry. It is also applied for paper printing and Gram staining. Previously, it was significant as a topical antiseptic due to its antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties. Despite its various applications, crystal violet has been recognized as a biohazard dye due to its toxic and carcinogenic properties. It persists in the environment with long-lasting effects and has detrimental impacts. In this research, water extract from Moringa oleifera leaves is employed as environmentally friendly methods to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (Mo/ZnO-NPs), and characterized by TEM, EDX, FT-IR, and Zeta potential. Mo/ZnO-NPs exhibit a Zeta potential of - 21.9 mV, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms their crystallographic structure. The size of the biogenic Mo/ZnO-NPs ranges from 5.52 to 41.59 nm. This study was designed to estimate and maximize the ability of Mo/ZnO-NPs to remove crystal violet using Central Composite Design (CCD), considering pH (ranging from 3 to 11), incubation time (ranging from 30 to 150), nanoparticles concentrations (ranging from 0.2 to 1.8 mg/mL), and crystal violet concentrations (ranging from 25 to 125 ppm). The maximum percentage value of removal of crystal violet by Mo/ZnO-NPs was 97.26 with optimal conditions of pH 9, incubation time 120 min, Mo/ZnO-NPs 1.4 mg/mL, and crystal violet concentration of 50 ppm. The best-predicted conditions that caused the highest removal of crystal violet (97.8%) were determined using the desirability function as pH 10, incubation time of 140 min, Mo/ZnO-NPs concentrations of 1.3 mg/mL, and a concentration of crystal violet of 80 ppm. Under these optimal conditions, the maximum experimental crystal violet removal% by Mo/ZnO-NPs was (98.7%) was verified. Mo/ZnO-NPs synthesized by Moringa oleifera can be a promising candidate for the adsorption of crystal violet.
结晶紫（Cry）是一种重要的纺织染料，属于三苯甲烷类，在纺织工业中广泛使用。它也用于纸张印刷和革兰氏染色。以前，由于其抗菌、抗真菌和驱虫特性，它作为一种局部防腐剂具有重要意义。尽管有各种应用，但结晶紫因其毒性和致癌特性已被确认为一种生物危害染料。它在环境中持续存在并具有长期影响，产生有害作用。在本研究中，辣木叶水提取物被用作合成氧化锌纳米颗粒（Mo/ZnO-NPs）的环保方法，并通过透射电子显微镜（TEM）、能量散射X射线光谱（EDX）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）和zeta电位进行表征。Mo/ZnO-NPs的zeta电位为-21.9 mV，X射线衍射（XRD）分析证实了它们的晶体结构。生物合成的Mo/ZnO-NPs尺寸范围为5.52至41.59纳米。本研究旨在使用中心复合设计（CCD）估计并最大化Mo/ZnO-NPs去除结晶紫的能力，考虑pH值（范围为3至11）、孵育时间（范围为30至150）、纳米颗粒浓度（范围为0.2至1.8毫克/毫升）和结晶紫浓度（范围为25至125 ppm）。在pH 9、孵育时间120分钟、Mo/ZnO-NPs 1.4毫克/毫升和结晶紫浓度50 ppm的最佳条件下，Mo/ZnO-NPs去除结晶紫的最大百分比值为97.26%。使用期望函数确定导致结晶紫去除率最高（97.8%）的最佳预测条件为pH 10、孵育时间140分钟、Mo/ZnO-NPs浓度1.3毫克/毫升和结晶紫浓度80 ppm。在这些最佳条件下，验证了Mo/ZnO-NPs去除结晶紫的最大实验去除率为（98.7%）。由辣木合成的Mo/ZnO-NPs可能是吸附结晶紫的有前途的候选物。
