Grasman Keith A, Annis Mandy, Eakin Carly, Moore Jeremy, Williams Lisa L
Department of Biology, Great Lakes Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment Laboratory, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Michigan Ecological Services Field Office, East Lansing, MI, United States.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2025 Jan 1;44(1):77-91. doi: 10.1093/etojnl/vgae001.
Immunological, reproductive, and population endpoints were assessed in fish-eating birds during 2010-2019 in the Saginaw River and Bay and River Raisin Areas of Concern (AOCs) and Grand Traverse Bay, which are ecosystems historically contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofurans. Reference sites were in the lower St. Marys River (herring gulls and Caspian terns), eastern Lake Superior (terns), and eastern Lake Huron (black-crowned night herons). Relative risk ratios for embryonic nonviability (from both infertility and mortality) in gull embryos were 2-3-fold higher than the reference site in both AOCs and Grand Traverse Bay. Twelve of 13 deformed embryos and chicks (e.g., crossed bills and gastroschisis) were observed at the contaminated sites. Productivity of 4-week-old tern chicks in Saginaw Bay was 35% lower than that at reference sites. In the River Raisin AOC, productivity of 4-week gull chicks was poor in 7 of 10 years. Numbers of breeding herring gulls decreased significantly in the River Raisin AOC, and breeding Caspian terns, a state-threatened species, declined in the Saginaw River and Bay AOC. The mean T cell-dependent phytohemagglutinin skin response was suppressed 50%-56% in gull chicks in both AOCs and Grand Traverse Bay, and 49% in terns and 33% in herons in Saginaw Bay. Antibody responses in gull chicks in the River Raisin AOC and Grand Traverse Bay were 1.6-2-fold lower than reference. Time trend analyses showed no significant improvements in reproductive and immune endpoints in either AOC or Grand Traverse Bay over the study period. Embryonic death increased with time in gulls in the lower Saginaw Bay, and antibody responses decreased in terns in the outer Saginaw Bay.
2010年至2019年期间，在萨吉诺河与海湾、葡萄干河关注区域（AOCs）以及大特拉弗斯湾以鱼类为食的鸟类中评估了免疫、生殖和种群终点指标。这些生态系统历史上受到多氯联苯、二苯并 - p - 二恶英和二苯并呋喃的污染。参考地点位于圣玛丽斯河下游（银鸥和里海燕鸥）、苏必利尔湖东部（燕鸥）以及休伦湖东部（黑冠夜鹭）。在AOCs和大特拉弗斯湾，鸥类胚胎中胚胎非活力（包括不育和死亡）的相对风险比均比参考地点高2至3倍。在受污染地点观察到13个畸形胚胎和雏鸟（如交叉喙和腹裂）中的12个。萨吉诺湾4周龄燕鸥雏鸟的繁殖力比参考地点低35%。在葡萄干河AOC，10年中有7年4周龄鸥类雏鸟的繁殖力较差。葡萄干河AOC中繁殖银鸥的数量显著减少，而在萨吉诺河与海湾AOC，受该州威胁的物种繁殖里海燕鸥数量下降。在AOCs和大特拉弗斯湾，鸥类雏鸟的平均T细胞依赖性植物血凝素皮肤反应受到50% - 56%的抑制，在萨吉诺湾，燕鸥受抑制49%，夜鹭受抑制33%。葡萄干河AOC和大特拉弗斯湾鸥类雏鸟的抗体反应比参考值低1.6至2倍。时间趋势分析表明，在研究期间，AOCs或大特拉弗斯湾的生殖和免疫终点指标均未出现显著改善。在萨吉诺湾下游，鸥类胚胎死亡随时间增加，而在萨吉诺湾外侧，燕鸥的抗体反应下降。
