Mohammadkhah Fatemeh, Kamyab Amirhossein, Pezeshki Babak, Norouzrajabi Samira, Khani Jeihooni Ali
Department of Community Health, Child Nursing and Aging, Ramsar School of Nursing, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
Faculty of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
Front Glob Womens Health. 2025 Jan 17;5:1490754. doi: 10.3389/fgwh.2024.1490754. eCollection 2024.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is currently the most common complication of pregnancy, and the prevalence of undiagnosed hyperglycemia and overt diabetes in young women is increasing. In this regard, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of training intervention based on the health belief model of self-care behaviors in women with gestational diabetes.
The present study was an interventional study, which was conducted on 160 women with gestational diabetes (80 in the interventional group and 80 in the control group), who were under treatment in healthcare centers in the city of Fasa in Fars Province, Iran, in 2022-2023. The method was simple random sampling. The collecting data tools were demographic characteristics questionnaire (age, education, occupation, monthly income of the family, gestational age (in the week), and rank of pregnancy, a knowledge assessment questionnaire, a questionnaire based on the health belief model (perceived sensitivity, perceived severity, perceived advantages, and disadvantages, self-efficiency), and the self-care behaviors questionnaire. The questionnaires were completed before the intervention and 6 weeks after the intervention. The women in the intervention group received six sessions of 50-55 min. Fasting blood sugar level and blood sugar level 2 h after the meal, A1C hemoglobin, and the need for taking insulin and the required dosage were recorded. The data were analyzed using SPSS 24, Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests (for normal distribution of data), independent -test, paired -test, chi-2 test, and descriptive statistics ( < 0.05).
The mean age of the participants in the intervention group and control group was 32.45 ± 4.82 and 33.16 ± 4.69, respectively. The results showed that the mean scores of all structures of the health belief model in the intervention group were significantly different from those obtained after the intervention in this group ( < 0.001). Also, the comparison of averages of blood sugar levels after the intervention in the two groups indicated that fasting blood sugar level, A1C hemoglobin, and blood sugar levels measured 2 h after the meal significantly decreased in the intervention group ( < 0.001). The need to increase the dosage of insulin in the intervention group was lower than in the control group.
according to the results, the health belief model was effective in improving clinical results of self-care behaviors in women with gestational diabetes. HBM played an important role in understanding what care and support the women need. Therefore, the incidence of various diseases can be prevented and mothers with GDM can experience such vulnerability less than before. It can also be used as a model to design, implement, and monitor health programs for women with gestational diabetes.
妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）是目前最常见的妊娠并发症，年轻女性中未诊断出的高血糖和显性糖尿病的患病率正在上升。在这方面，本研究旨在探讨基于自我护理行为健康信念模型的培训干预对妊娠期糖尿病女性的影响。
本研究为一项干预性研究，于2022 - 2023年在伊朗法尔斯省法萨市的医疗中心对160例妊娠期糖尿病女性进行（干预组80例，对照组80例）。采用简单随机抽样方法。收集数据的工具包括人口统计学特征问卷（年龄、教育程度、职业、家庭月收入、孕周、妊娠次数）、知识评估问卷、基于健康信念模型的问卷（感知易感性、感知严重性、感知益处和障碍、自我效能感）以及自我护理行为问卷。问卷在干预前和干预后6周完成。干预组女性接受6次每次50 - 55分钟的培训。记录空腹血糖水平、餐后2小时血糖水平、糖化血红蛋白（A1C）以及胰岛素使用需求和所需剂量。使用SPSS 24软件进行数据分析，采用柯尔莫哥洛夫 - 斯米尔诺夫检验（用于数据正态分布）、独立样本t检验、配对样本t检验、卡方检验和描述性统计（P < 0.05）。
干预组和对照组参与者的平均年龄分别为32.45±4.82岁和33.16±4.69岁。结果显示，干预组健康信念模型所有结构的平均得分与该组干预后的得分有显著差异（P < 0.001）。此外，两组干预后血糖水平平均值的比较表明，干预组的空腹血糖水平、糖化血红蛋白（A1C）以及餐后2小时测量的血糖水平显著降低（P < 0.001）。干预组胰岛素剂量增加的需求低于对照组。
根据结果，健康信念模型在改善妊娠期糖尿病女性自我护理行为的临床结果方面是有效的。健康信念模型在理解女性需要何种护理和支持方面发挥了重要作用。因此，可以预防各种疾病的发生，患有妊娠期糖尿病的母亲所经历的这种脆弱性会比以前减少。它还可以作为设计、实施和监测妊娠期糖尿病女性健康项目的模型。
