Visceral adipose tissue area and proportion provide distinct reflections of cardiometabolic outcomes in weight loss; pooled analysis of MRI-assessed CENTRAL and DIRECT PLUS dietary randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND

Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is well established as a pathogenic fat depot, whereas superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) is associated with either an improved or neutral cardiovascular state. However, it is unclear to what extent VAT area (VATcm) and its proportion of total abdominal adipose tissue (VAT%) are distinguished in predicting cardiometabolic status and clinical outcomes during weight loss.

METHODS

We integrated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements of VAT, deep-SAT, and superficial-SAT from two 18-month lifestyle weight loss clinical trials, CENTRAL and DIRECT PLUS (n = 572).

RESULTS

At baseline, the mean VATcm was 144.8cm and VAT% = 28.2%; over 18 months, participants lost 28cm VATcm (- 22.5%), and 1.3 VAT% units. Baseline VATcm and VAT% were similarly associated with metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and diabetes status, while VAT% better classified hypertriglyceridemia. Conversely, higher VATcm was associated with elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), while VAT% was not. After 18 months of lifestyle intervention, both VATcm and VAT% loss were significantly associated with decreased triglycerides, HbA1c, ferritin, and liver enzymes, and increased HDL-c levels beyond weight loss (FDR < 0.05). Only VATcm loss was correlated with decreased HOMA-IR, chemerin, and leptin levels.

CONCLUSIONS

MRI follow-up of 572 participants over 18 months of weight loss intervention suggests that although increased VATcm and VAT% exhibit similar clinical manifestations, it might be preferable to examine VAT% when exploring lipid status, while VATcm may better reflect inflammatory and glycemic states.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

CENTRAL (Clinical-trials-identifier: NCT01530724); DIRECT PLUS (Clinical-trials-identifier: NCT03020186).