Aggregation-induced emission-based fluorescent probes for cellular microenvironment detection.

The cellular microenvironment exerts a pivotal regulatory influence on cell survival, function, and behavior. Dynamic analysis and detection of the cellular microenvironment can promptly elucidate changes in cellular microenvironmental information, uncover the pathogenesis of diseases associated with aberrant microenvironments, and aid in predicting disease risk and monitoring disease progression. Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorescent molecules possess unique AIE characteristics and offer significant advantages in imaging and sensing cellular microenvironments. In this review, we present a profile of the remarkable progress achieved in utilizing AIE fluorescent molecules for detecting cellular microenvironments in recent years. We particularly focus on AIE fluorescent probes applied in imaging key parameters of the cellular microenvironment, including pH, viscosity, polarity, and temperature, as well as in analyzing critical biological components of the microenvironment, such as gas signal molecules, metal ions, redox state, and proteins. We underscore the design principles, detection mechanisms, sensing performance, and biological applications of these fluorescent probes. Furthermore, we address the current challenges confronting this field and provide prospects for the future development of AIE probes used for microenvironment detection. We trust that this review will inspire researchers to develop more precise and sensitive AIE fluorescent probes for the detection of cellular microenvironments.