The Role of Electrochemical Sensors in Enhancing HIV Detection.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remains a significant global health challenge, necessitating rapid, sensitive, and accessible diagnostic tools. We examined recent advancements in electrochemical sensors for HIV gene detection, focusing on various sensing strategies, nanomaterial integration, and novel platform designs. Electrochemical sensors have demonstrated remarkable progress in HIV detection, offering high sensitivity and specificity. DNA/RNA-based sensors, aptamer approaches, and nanostructured platforms have detection limits as low as attomolar concentrations. Innovative signal amplification techniques, such as branched DNA amplification and toehold strand displacement reactions, have further enhanced sensitivity. Multiplexed detection systems enable simultaneous quantification of multiple HIV targets and related biomarkers. Integration of microfluidic technologies has improved sample processing and detection efficiency. Paper-based sensors show promise for low-cost, disposable testing platforms suitable for resource-limited settings. While challenges remain in terms of selectivity in complex biological samples and point-of-care applicability, electrochemical sensors hold great potential for revolutionizing HIV diagnostics. Future developments in recognition elements, artificial intelligence integration, and combined sensing modalities are expected to address current limitations and expand the capabilities of these sensors, ultimately contributing to improved HIV management and epidemic control strategies.