Mapping, characterisation, and analysis of initiatives with transformative capacity: A scoping review.

The increasing complexity of socio-environmental vulnerabilities and inherent challenges have led scholars to study nonlinear systemic societal changes. Approaches to address these challenges range from adaptation to the predominant system, to the reconfiguration of the social and ecological life system. The study identifies the key characteristics, dynamics and contextual features of transformative initiatives and assesses their potential to challenge the dominant system. It also aims to review the studies of alternative non-capitalist experiences across a diverse geographic and cultural contexts. To achieve that purpose, a scoping review of empirical studies published since 2000 was conducted. The 88 cases analysed evidence practices rooted in cooperative and solidarity values. These practices include alternative approaches to production, consumption, and distribution, as well as the sharing of knowledge, experiences, and resources. The studies also point to the need to recreate and reorganise the commons, to change human and non-human interactions, and to achieve self-sufficiency.