Sandri Elena, Piredda Michela, Sguanci Marco, Mancin Stefano
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, c/Quevedo, 2, 46001 Valencia, Spain.
Doctoral School, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, c/Quevedo, 2, 46001 Valencia, Spain.
Healthcare (Basel). 2025 Feb 11;13(4):386. doi: 10.3390/healthcare13040386.
This cross-sectional study examines sociodemographic, nutritional, and lifestyle factors affecting Body Mass Index (BMI) in the Spanish population, with a particular emphasis on obesity.
A sample of 22,181 Spanish residents aged 18 years and older was recruited through digital and physical channels from August 2020 to November 2021. Data were collected using the validated NutSo-HH questionnaire, which includes sections on sociodemographic information, health perceptions, eating habits, and lifestyle factors.
Among respondents, 661 (3%) were underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m), 14,562 (65.7%) were normal weight (18.5 kg/m ≤ BMI ≤ 25 kg/m), 4825 respondents (21.8%) were overweight (25 kg/m < BMI ≤ 30 kg/m), and 2133 (9.6%) were obese (BMI > 30 kg/m), with significant differences across these groups in relation to diet and lifestyle behaviors. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed to identify the primary variables influencing obesity, revealing that poor dietary habits (frequent consumption of fast food, fried foods, and ultra-processed items) were negatively correlated with healthy behaviors such as regular fish consumption and physical activity. The PCA plot indicated notable distinctions based on educational attainment and age, with individuals with lower educational levels displaying poorer nutritional patterns and younger participants exhibiting higher fast food consumption and poorer sleep quality. Statistical analyses confirmed that sociodemographic factors, including age, education, and income level, significantly influenced BMI. Some differences were also found according to the place of residence.
These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions that address both sociodemographic and lifestyle factors to mitigate obesity risk in Spain.
本横断面研究调查了影响西班牙人群体重指数（BMI）的社会人口统计学、营养和生活方式因素，特别关注肥胖问题。
2020年8月至2021年11月，通过数字和实体渠道招募了22181名18岁及以上的西班牙居民作为样本。使用经过验证的NutSo-HH问卷收集数据，该问卷包括社会人口统计学信息、健康认知、饮食习惯和生活方式因素等部分。
在受访者中，661人（3%）体重过轻（BMI<18.5kg/m），14562人（65.7%）体重正常（18.5kg/m≤BMI≤25kg/m），4825名受访者（21.8%）超重（25kg/m<BMI≤30kg/m），2133人（9.6%）肥胖（BMI>30kg/m），这些组在饮食和生活方式行为方面存在显著差异。采用主成分分析（PCA）来确定影响肥胖的主要变量，结果显示不良饮食习惯（经常食用快餐、油炸食品和超加工食品）与定期食用鱼类和体育锻炼等健康行为呈负相关。PCA图显示，根据教育程度和年龄存在显著差异，教育程度较低的个体营养模式较差，年轻参与者快餐消费较高且睡眠质量较差。统计分析证实，年龄、教育程度和收入水平等社会人口统计学因素对BMI有显著影响。根据居住地点也发现了一些差异。
这些发现强调了有针对性地干预社会人口统计学和生活方式因素以降低西班牙肥胖风险的必要性。
