From Pathophysiology to Practice: Evolving Pharmacological Therapies, Clinical Complications, and Pharmacogenetic Considerations in Portal Hypertension.

Portal hypertension is a major complication of chronic liver diseases, leading to serious issues such as esophageal variceal bleeding. The increase in portal vein pressure is driven by both an organic component and a functional component, including tonic contraction of hepatic stellate cells. These processes result in a pathological rise in intrahepatic vascular resistance, stemming from partial impairment of hepatic microcirculation, which is further exacerbated by abnormalities in extrahepatic vessels, including increased portal blood flow. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the evolving pharmacological therapies for portal hypertension, with consideration and discussion of pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical complications, and pharmacogenetic considerations, highlighting potential directions for future research. A review of recent literature was performed to evaluate current knowledge and potential therapeutic strategies in portal hypertension. For over 35 years, non-selective beta-blockers have been the cornerstone therapy for portal hypertension by reducing portal vein inflow as an extrahepatic target, effectively preventing decompensation and variceal hemorrhages. However, since not all patients exhibit an adequate response to non-selective beta-blockers (NSBBs), and some may not tolerate NSBBs, alternative or adjunctive therapies that enhance the effects of NSBBs on portal pressure are being investigated in preclinical and early clinical studies. A better understanding of pharmacogenetic factors and pathophysiological mechanisms could lead to more individualized and effective treatments for portal hypertension. These insights highlight potential directions for future research.