Unveiling the Potential of Three Endemic L. (Caryophyllaceae) Taxa as Promising Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors-Bio-Metabolic Profiles and In Vitro Evaluation of Enzyme Inhibition and Antioxidant Capacity.

The Caryophyllaceae family, commonly utilized in traditional medicine, exhibits various effects revealed by ethnopharmacological studies. Thus, the diuretic effect of the leaf and stem of three taxa endemic to Türkiye was evaluated for the first time by comparing their bio-metabolic profiles, antioxidant capacities, carbonic anhydrase inhibition, and infrared spectra. The leaf and stem of taxa were macerated in 50% ethanol and 50% water, bio-metabolic profiles were performed by a new validated ultra-performance liquid chromatographic (UPLC) method and spectrophotometric methods, the antioxidant capacity was determined by DPPH and ABTS assays, and the in vitro diuretic activity was evaluated by carbonic anhydrase inhibition. The results show that the leaf exhibited the highest quantity of rutin and total polyphenols content (TPC). On the other hand, the leaf showed the highest quantity of rosmarinic acid, and the leaf contained the maximum total flavonoids content (TFC). The antioxidant results indicated that has the highest capacity. The leaf strongly inhibited the enzyme activity. The ATR-FTIR spectra showed that the general chemical composition in the leaf and stem parts was preserved after the extraction process. Band intensity changes may be due to the extraction process and the amount of substances. In conclusion, the species of taxa show considerable potential for utilization in the pharmaceutical area.