Venkataiah Venkata Suresh, Mehta Deepak, Fareed Mohammad, Karobari Mohmed Isaqali
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Diriyah, P.O. Box: 71666, Riyadh, 11597, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Biomed Eng Online. 2025 Mar 8;24(1):31. doi: 10.1186/s12938-025-01363-y.
Primary osteoblasts are essential for bone formation and regeneration, making them pivotal in dental applications, including periodontal regeneration, ridge augmentation, and implant osseointegration. Sourced from various tissues like alveolar bone, calvarial bone, mandibular and maxillary bones, long bones, and bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs), each type of osteoblast presents unique advantages and limitations related to yield, accessibility, and clinical relevance. Given these variables, selecting an appropriate source is crucial for experimental consistency and translational application in dentistry.
This review synthesizes data from in vitro, animal, and clinical studies to provide a comprehensive overview of osteoblast sourcing, isolation, and characterization in dental research. Sources were reviewed based on yield, anatomical relevance, and accessibility, while isolation methods were compared to assess their impact on cell behavior and phenotype retention. The review evaluates methods such as enzymatic digestion, explant culture, and differentiation of BMSCs, alongside characterization techniques like morphological analysis, gene expression profiling, and mineralization assays.
The analysis shows that alveolar bone-derived osteoblasts offer high clinical relevance due to their anatomical similarity to oral structures but are limited by low yield and invasive collection. Calvarial and long bone osteoblasts provide higher yields, making them useful for material testing, though they lack biomechanical compatibility with oral environments. BMSCs offer a renewable source with significant regenerative potential but require precise differentiation protocols. In vitro studies contribute mechanistic insights, while animal models bridge the gap to clinical application, despite challenges in standardization and interspecies variability.
This review highlights the importance of selecting appropriate osteoblast sources and methods for dental research to optimize outcomes in periodontal and implant-related therapies. The variability across study designs and experimental outcomes underscores the need for standardized protocols and targeted systematic reviews within specific research settings. These findings offer a framework for future osteoblast-based research and guide the effective translation of osteoblast therapies into clinical dental practice.
原代成骨细胞对骨形成和再生至关重要，使其在牙科应用中发挥关键作用，包括牙周再生、牙槽嵴增高和种植体骨整合。成骨细胞来源于多种组织，如牙槽骨、颅骨、下颌骨和上颌骨、长骨以及骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSC），每种类型的成骨细胞在产量、可及性和临床相关性方面都具有独特的优势和局限性。鉴于这些变量，选择合适的来源对于牙科实验的一致性和转化应用至关重要。
本综述综合了来自体外、动物和临床研究的数据，以全面概述牙科研究中成骨细胞的来源、分离和表征。根据产量、解剖相关性和可及性对来源进行了综述，同时比较了分离方法以评估其对细胞行为和表型保留的影响。该综述评估了酶消化、组织块培养和BMSC分化等方法，以及形态分析、基因表达谱分析和矿化测定等表征技术。
分析表明，牙槽骨来源的成骨细胞因其与口腔结构的解剖相似性而具有较高的临床相关性，但受产量低和采集有创的限制。颅骨和成骨细胞产量较高，适用于材料测试，尽管它们与口腔环境缺乏生物力学兼容性。BMSC提供了一种可再生来源，具有显著的再生潜力，但需要精确的分化方案。体外研究提供了机制性见解，而动物模型则弥合了与临床应用之间的差距，尽管在标准化和种间变异性方面存在挑战。
本综述强调了为牙科研究选择合适的成骨细胞来源和方法对于优化牙周和种植相关治疗结果的重要性。研究设计和实验结果的可变性强调了在特定研究环境中需要标准化方案和有针对性的系统评价。这些发现为未来基于成骨细胞的研究提供了一个框架，并指导成骨细胞疗法有效转化为临床牙科实践。
