BACKGROUND

The findings of the 2021 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study can offer valuable insights for the development of screening and prevention strategies targeting ischemic heart disease (IHD). We aim to investigate trends in IHD incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), while exploring associated risk factors for IHD-associated death from 1990 to 2021.

METHODS

The cross-sectional study utilized data from the GBD 2021, covering 204 countries and regions. The analysis included individuals aged 55 and above. We analyzed the trends in IHD incidence, all cause and cause-specific deaths, DALYs, and corresponding estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) from 1990 to 2021. These indicators were further stratified by geographical region, country, age group, gender, and sociodemographic index (SDI).

RESULTS

The global incidence rate, mortality rate, and DALYs rate for individuals aged 55 and above with IHD have shown a decreasing trend. However, the number of incident cases, death cases, and DALYs has been increasing from 1990 to 2021. Both the high-middle and high SDI regions exhibit a significant decline in these rates from 1990 to 2021. However, the low SDI, low-middle SDI, and middle SDI regions show less noticeable changes. The region with low-middle SDI experiences the largest increase in mortality rate (EAPC: 0.38; 95%CI, 0.33-0.44) and DALYs rate (EAPC: 0.17; 95%CI, 0.12-0.22). The region with middle SDI experiences the largest increase in incidence rate (EAPC: 0.37; 95%CI, 0.27-0.46). Regionally, East Asia exhibits the greatest increase in incidence rate (EAPC: 0.94; 95% CI, 0.79-1.10), mortality rate (EAPC: 1.68; 95% CI, 1.40-1.94), and DALYs rate (EAPC: 0.94; 95% CI, 0.69-1.20). Among the 12 risk factors associated with mortality from IHD, high systolic blood pressure, dietary risks, high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, and air pollution are identified as the primary contributors to global mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

This study reveals that in high SDI regions, the incidence, mortality, and DALYs rate of IHD are declining. Conversely, in low to middle SDI regions, the disease burden of IHD is increasing. It highlights global inequality in IHD burden. Recommendations include early screening, risk management, and strengthening primary care, especially in middle and low SDI regions. Countries should also invest in environmental governance and air pollution control. Future research should focus on evaluating the effects of health policies in different countries, exploring the impact of socio-economic and cultural factors on the burden of IHD, and developing big data-based prediction models to optimize resource allocation and intervention strategies.