van der Linden Max, Ridderinkhof Richard
Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Hist Psychiatry. 2025 Jun;36(1-3):16-31. doi: 10.1177/0957154X251318494. Epub 2025 Mar 13.
In the first half of the 1950s, psychoanalysts and neurosurgeons used electrical brain stimulation to explore hard-to-reach, unconscious psychological processes such as repressed memories, defence mechanisms and sexual identity. The development of evolutionary theory and neurophysiological methods and theory, together with the birth of psychoanalysis, were important precursors to these remarkable stimulation experiments. Experimental, theoretical and clinical antecedents of these stimulation experiments between the 1870s and the 1940s are discussed to show how smoothly the apparently opposing perspectives of psychoanalysis and neurophysiology merged. Two case studies are then briefly described. It is concluded that this striking and brief collaboration demonstrated a pragmatic and eclectic approach that integrated different theories and methods for a more holistic understanding and treatment of psychiatric disorders.
在20世纪50年代上半叶，精神分析学家和神经外科医生利用脑电刺激来探索难以触及的无意识心理过程，如被压抑的记忆、防御机制和性身份认同。进化理论以及神经生理学方法和理论的发展，再加上精神分析的诞生，是这些非凡刺激实验的重要先驱。本文讨论了19世纪70年代至20世纪40年代这些刺激实验的实验、理论和临床先例，以展示精神分析和神经生理学这两种明显对立的观点是如何顺利融合的。接着简要描述了两个案例研究。得出的结论是，这种引人注目的短暂合作展示了一种务实且折衷的方法，该方法整合了不同的理论和方法，以更全面地理解和治疗精神疾病。
