Sterilization and Disinfection: Ensuring Infection Control in Dental Practices.

Effective sterilization and disinfection are critical for infection control in dental practices, reducing healthcare-associated infections and ensuring patient safety. This review explores the principles, applications, and limitations of various sterilization and disinfection methods used in dentistry, including heat sterilization (steam and dry heat), chemical sterilization (ethylene oxide, hydrogen peroxide), and radiation methods (ultraviolet (UV) and gamma rays). Emphasis is placed on the effectiveness of each method against a range of pathogens, their suitability for different dental instruments, and advancements in technology such as vaporized hydrogen peroxide systems and antimicrobial coatings. Autoclave sterilization remains a cornerstone due to its reliability, while methods like UV rays and ozone offer innovative, material-friendly alternatives. The importance of verifying sterilization efficacy through biological indicators and maintaining proper storage protocols to ensure sterility is also highlighted. By integrating traditional techniques with emerging technologies, dental practices can enhance infection control standards while adapting to modern challenges.